CBT QUESTIONS AND SURE CORRECT ANSWERS 2023/2024

CBT QUESTIONS AND SURE CORRECT ANSWERS 2023/2024 Why would the cancer cells have abnormal proteins that could be presented via MHC? - correct answer Tumors have multiple gene mutations that might be recognized as foreign If the tumor has such antigens and has presented them to the T cell, why hasn't the T cell responded? - correct answer Tumor cells express PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 and down regulates the T-cell response What approach is used in current immunotherapy to bypass the mechanism that tumors use to block the T-cell response this way? - correct answer Use a PD-1 inhibitor to disrupt the interaction that keeps the T-cells from responding What types of side effects are associated with use of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies (the answer should be very general? - correct answer Most of the side effects are related to auto-immunity (rash, fever, etc.) What is a biomarker? - correct answer a biochemical or genetic feature that can be used to measure disease progress or the effect of treatment What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of biomarkers? - correct answer Advantages: Non-invasive, Possibility of early detection Disadvantages: False positives, False negatives Phase 0 - correct answer to determine the pharmacokinetics of the drug (drug lifetime) Phase I - correct answer to determine the dose of the drug that is toxic, to decide the maximal dose that should be used in subsequent trials (efficacy might be seen in this trial, but efficacy testing is not the goal of a Phase I trial phase II - correct answer to test the drug with a moderate number of patients to determine its efficacy and side effects Phase III - correct answer to test the drug with a larger number of patients to determine its efficacy and gain more information about its safety Phase IV - correct answer to determine how patients who have been treated with the drug after it has been approved by the FDA have responded exosomes - correct answer Small vesicles that are secreted by cells that carry nucleic acids (especially miRNA and mRNA), some proteins and signaling molecules Were any of the mechanisms on the following list that are NOT ones that Dr. Kucuk (and others) have found to be affected by diet in a manner that could affect cancer risk? If so, which was the one that was not affected by diet? - correct answer a) oxidative stress b) epigenetic changes c) the microbiome all 3 were on list When Dr. Offermann asked the question: "If the Immune System has so many elements to protect the host, why do people get cancer?" which of the following answers was NOT listed as a reason" - correct answer Cancer cells migrate to the thymus early in the development of tumors and destroy the stem cells that would become T-cells, thereby eliminating all T-cell responses.