Summary Theme 3 -When things go wrong in the brain...

Stahl – Chapter 7: Circuits in Psychopharmacology

 Cerebral cortex




 Brodmann areas
o Brodmann areas = numerical designatins io areas io actiatin nith iariius ounctinal
neuriimaging techniques
o ni tni brains haie the exact size, shape, and placement io Bridmann areas

 Functional brainn areas
o Areas winthinn prefrontal cortex
 These area are already shinn in practcal meetng, e.g. mitir cirtex + ither subdicisiins 
please, reoer ti Workbook 1 

 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
o Fingure 7-3
o an impirtant regiin io preorintal cirtex
o Its cortical pyramidcal clll are the engines oir iariius types io cignitie ounctins,
such as executie ounctining, priblem siliing, and analyzing

 Orbintal frontal cortex (OFC)
o a part io the preorintal cirtex
o sits abiie the eye in its irbit and in the lateral and medial iiens

,o it may regulate impulses, cimpulsiins, and driies
 Anterinor cinngulate cortex (ACC)
o a part io preorintal cirtex shinn
o its tip = dorsal ACC, = play an impirtant rile in selectie atentin
o its liner part = the ventral ACC / the subgenual ACC= regulates iariius emitins such as
depressiin and anxiety
o it is shaped like a C; sime say it bends like a knee Genu = knee the area io the C belin
the bend is called thl ubglnual arla




 Ventromedinal prefrontal cortex
o the area betneen the OFC and the ientral ACC
o plays a rile in emitinal pricessing

 Beyond prefrontal cortex to hinppocampus and amygdala
o Hinppocampus= impirtant oir memiry
o Amygdala= oear pricessing

 The planes of the brainn
o The hirizintal plane
o the cirinal plane

, o the sagital plane
 Reoer ti Workbook 3 
 Neurotransminter nodes
o ni ine neuritransmiter prioects ti all the same brain areas as anither
o nit alnays ti the same neurins in the brain areas nhere they
o a neuritransmiter has the capacity ti midulate the behaiiir ir brain ounctin thiught ti
be assiciated nith that area
o Neurotransminter pathways oirm the milecular and anatimical substrates that "tune"
neurins nithin circuits happens at thl cortical llvll + at thl llvll of all thl nocl widthidn thl
nltwork




 Dopaminne
o The major dopaminne projections arise prediminantly orim brainstem neuritransmiter
centersthl vlntral tlgmlntal arla and the ub tantia nidgra, ti prioect ti cerebellum
ir spinal cird + ithers
o They regulate miiements, renard, cignitin, psychisis, and ithers
o "thalaminc dopaminne system" arises orim multple sites, e.g. thl plridaqulcuctal gray, the
vlntral ml lnclphalon, hypothalamidc nucllid, and the latlral parabrachidal nucllu
o may cintribute ti the gatng io inoi transoerred thriugh the thalamus ti the
neicirtex, striatum, and amygdala
o has recently been implicated in regulatng ariusal and sleep
 the small inncertohypothalaminc pathway iriginates thl zona idnclrta;
o it inneriates amygdaliid and hypithalamic nuclei iniilied in sexual behaiiir

 Norepinnephrinne

, o arise largely orim the locus coeruleus + sime orim the lateral tegmental norepinephrine cell
system
o regulate miid, ariusal, cignitin
o Spinnal projections arise orim noradrenergic cell bodies in the liner (caudal) parts io the
brainstem neuritransmiter center and regulate pain pathnays
o Ascendinng noradrenerginc pathways arise aling the middle and tip (ristral) end io the
brainstem centers
o find their prioectins terminatng difusely thriughiut the brainmist io the same
places nhere seritinin pathnays terminate
o oen niradrenergic prioectins ti the striatum/nucleus accumbens

 Serotoninn
o The major serotoninn projections arise orim seieral clusters:
o Thl upplr (ro tral) nucllid include the dorsal and medinal raphe + the nucleus linnearins
+ the raphe pontis inneriate mist io the brain areas , e.g. cerebellum
regulate miid, ti anxiety, ti sleep + ithers
o Thl lowlr (or caucal) lrotonidn nucllid cimprise the raphe magnus, raphe
pallindus +raphe obscurus  mire limited prioectins ti the cerebellum,
brainstem, and spinal cird regulate the pain pathnays

 Acetylcholinne
o acetylcholinne projections can arise orim the braidn tlm nlurotran midtlr clntlr
+thl ba al forlbraidn
o Sime io the cell bidies oir acetylchiline are in the strinatum ir in the brainnstem
that inneriate oculomotor and preganglionic autonomic neurons
1. Ascendinng cholinnerginc neurons orim the brainnstem neuritransmiter center
that traiel aling nith the monoaminnerginc neurons inneriate many brain areas regulate ariusal,
cignitin + ithers supplied by 4 small nuclei in the brainstem
2. The basal nucleus/the nucleus basalins (of Meynert)/ the medinal septal
nucleus the dinagonal band haie a priminent rile in memiry