Basis kwantitatief
onderzoek
,Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Data invoeren en werken met bestaande data.....................................................................4
Bijeenkomst 1: Introductiecollege....................................................................................................... 4
Inhoud van het vak.......................................................................................................................... 4
Tentamen........................................................................................................................................ 5
Bijeenkomst 2: hoorcollege 1.............................................................................................................. 5
Wat is statistiek?............................................................................................................................. 5
Beschrijvende statistiek................................................................................................................... 6
Inferentiële statistiek....................................................................................................................... 6
Data samenvatten........................................................................................................................... 6
Grasple week 1................................................................................................................................... 8
Variabelen....................................................................................................................................... 8
Data................................................................................................................................................ 8
Inferentiële statistiek: Populatie en steekproef................................................................................8
Twee vormen statistiek.................................................................................................................... 9
Meetniveaus.................................................................................................................................... 9
Week 2: Variabiliteit, normaal verdeling en standaardiseren.........................................................10
Bijeenkomst 3: responsiecollege 1................................................................................................... 10
Herhaling 4 meetniveaus............................................................................................................... 10
Herhaling centrummaten............................................................................................................... 11
SPSS............................................................................................................................................. 11
Bijeenkomst 4: hoorcollege 2............................................................................................................ 12
Data samenvatten......................................................................................................................... 12
Variabiliteit..................................................................................................................................... 12
Normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................................... 12
Standaardiseren............................................................................................................................ 12
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................ 13
Grasple week 2................................................................................................................................. 13
Variatie en spreiding..................................................................................................................... 13
Normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................................... 14
Z-score.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Week 3: Kansen en de normaalverdeling: schalen maken.............................................................15
Bijeenkomst 5: Responsiecollege 2.................................................................................................. 15
Herhaling variabiliteit..................................................................................................................... 15
Herhaling normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................... 16
Herhaling standaardiseren............................................................................................................ 16
SPSS............................................................................................................................................. 17
Bijeenkomst 6: Hoorcollege 3........................................................................................................... 17
Kansen en normaalverdeling......................................................................................................... 17
De Z-tabel..................................................................................................................................... 18
Schalen maken............................................................................................................................. 19
Validiteit......................................................................................................................................... 19
Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 19
Factorenanalyse............................................................................................................................ 19
Grasple week 3................................................................................................................................. 21
2
, Waarde naar kans......................................................................................................................... 21
Kans naar waarde......................................................................................................................... 21
Z-tabel en kans............................................................................................................................. 21
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................ 21
Week 4: Centrale limietstelling en hypothese toetsen....................................................................22
Bijeenkomst 7: responsiecollege 3................................................................................................... 22
Herhaling normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................... 22
Herhaling Z-score en Z-tabel......................................................................................................... 22
SPPS............................................................................................................................................. 22
Bijeenkomst 8: hoorcollege 4............................................................................................................ 23
Inferentiële statistiek..................................................................................................................... 23
Centrale limietstelling.................................................................................................................... 23
Hypothese toetsen........................................................................................................................ 23
Type fouten................................................................................................................................... 24
Grasple week 4................................................................................................................................. 25
Herhaling populatie en steekproef................................................................................................. 25
Populatieverdeling, steekproefverdeling en steekproevenverdeling..............................................25
Centrale limietstelling.................................................................................................................... 26
Standaardfout................................................................................................................................ 26
Hypothese toetsen........................................................................................................................ 26
Week 5: T-toetsen en chikwadraat.................................................................................................... 29
Bijeenkomst 9: responsiecollege 4................................................................................................... 29
Herhaling hypothese..................................................................................................................... 29
Herhaling factoranalyse................................................................................................................. 30
Bijeenkomst 10: hoorcollege 5.......................................................................................................... 31
Herhaling hypothese toetsen......................................................................................................... 31
T-verdeling.................................................................................................................................... 32
Chikwadraat.................................................................................................................................. 32
Grasple week 5................................................................................................................................. 32
T-toets 1 steekproef...................................................................................................................... 32
T-toets 2 steekproeven.................................................................................................................. 34
Chi-kwadraat................................................................................................................................. 34
Week 6: Correlatie.............................................................................................................................. 34
Bijeenkomst 11: responsiecollege 5................................................................................................. 34
Herhaling One-sample t-test......................................................................................................... 34
Gerichte en ongerichte hypothese................................................................................................ 35
Independent sample t-toets........................................................................................................... 35
Herhaling chi-kwadraat.................................................................................................................. 36
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 36
Bijeenkomst 12: hoorcollege 6.......................................................................................................... 36
Correlatie vs. causatie................................................................................................................... 36
Verklaarde variantie...................................................................................................................... 37
Beperkingen van correlatie............................................................................................................ 38
Spearman correlatie...................................................................................................................... 38
Overzicht.......................................................................................................................................... 38
3
, Grasple week 6................................................................................................................................. 40
Spreindingsdiagram (scatterplot).................................................................................................. 40
Correlatie....................................................................................................................................... 40
Correlatie versus causatie............................................................................................................. 41
Week 7: Regressieanalyse................................................................................................................. 41
Bijeenkomst 13: responsiecollege 6................................................................................................. 41
Herhaling causatie en correlatie.................................................................................................... 41
Herhaling Chi-kwadraat vs. correlatie........................................................................................... 43
Herhaling Z-scores en kansen...................................................................................................... 43
Bijeenkomst 14: hoorcollege 7.......................................................................................................... 43
Regressie...................................................................................................................................... 44
Bivariate regressie........................................................................................................................ 44
Multivariate regressie.................................................................................................................... 45
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 47
Grasple week 7................................................................................................................................. 47
Lineaire regressie.......................................................................................................................... 47
Week 8: Samenvatten, oefenen en vragen.......................................................................................48
Bijeenkomst 15: responsiecollege 7................................................................................................. 48
Herhaling regressie....................................................................................................................... 48
Bijeenkomst 18: hoorcollege 8.......................................................................................................... 50
Herhaling meetniveaus.................................................................................................................. 50
Herhaling standaarddeviatie.......................................................................................................... 51
Herhaling normaalverdeling......................................................................................................... 52
Herhaling hypothese toetsen......................................................................................................... 52
Herhaling t-test.............................................................................................................................. 53
Herhaling mediatie........................................................................................................................ 53
Week 1: Data invoeren en werken met bestaande data
Bijeenkomst 1: Introductiecollege
Datum: 13 februari 2023
Inhoud van het vak
Werkvormen
Hoorcollege
Responsiecollege
Grasple
SPSS opdrachten
Spreekuur
Toetsing
Tentamen (meerkeuzetentamen)
Bonusregeling: artikelenopdracht (SPSS)
Leerdoelen
Statistische technieken gebruiken om kwantitatieve onderzoeksgegevens samen te
vatten;
De juiste statistische techniek kiezen voor een bepaald onderzoeksprobleem;
4
onderzoek
,Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Data invoeren en werken met bestaande data.....................................................................4
Bijeenkomst 1: Introductiecollege....................................................................................................... 4
Inhoud van het vak.......................................................................................................................... 4
Tentamen........................................................................................................................................ 5
Bijeenkomst 2: hoorcollege 1.............................................................................................................. 5
Wat is statistiek?............................................................................................................................. 5
Beschrijvende statistiek................................................................................................................... 6
Inferentiële statistiek....................................................................................................................... 6
Data samenvatten........................................................................................................................... 6
Grasple week 1................................................................................................................................... 8
Variabelen....................................................................................................................................... 8
Data................................................................................................................................................ 8
Inferentiële statistiek: Populatie en steekproef................................................................................8
Twee vormen statistiek.................................................................................................................... 9
Meetniveaus.................................................................................................................................... 9
Week 2: Variabiliteit, normaal verdeling en standaardiseren.........................................................10
Bijeenkomst 3: responsiecollege 1................................................................................................... 10
Herhaling 4 meetniveaus............................................................................................................... 10
Herhaling centrummaten............................................................................................................... 11
SPSS............................................................................................................................................. 11
Bijeenkomst 4: hoorcollege 2............................................................................................................ 12
Data samenvatten......................................................................................................................... 12
Variabiliteit..................................................................................................................................... 12
Normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................................... 12
Standaardiseren............................................................................................................................ 12
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................ 13
Grasple week 2................................................................................................................................. 13
Variatie en spreiding..................................................................................................................... 13
Normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................................... 14
Z-score.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Week 3: Kansen en de normaalverdeling: schalen maken.............................................................15
Bijeenkomst 5: Responsiecollege 2.................................................................................................. 15
Herhaling variabiliteit..................................................................................................................... 15
Herhaling normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................... 16
Herhaling standaardiseren............................................................................................................ 16
SPSS............................................................................................................................................. 17
Bijeenkomst 6: Hoorcollege 3........................................................................................................... 17
Kansen en normaalverdeling......................................................................................................... 17
De Z-tabel..................................................................................................................................... 18
Schalen maken............................................................................................................................. 19
Validiteit......................................................................................................................................... 19
Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 19
Factorenanalyse............................................................................................................................ 19
Grasple week 3................................................................................................................................. 21
2
, Waarde naar kans......................................................................................................................... 21
Kans naar waarde......................................................................................................................... 21
Z-tabel en kans............................................................................................................................. 21
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................ 21
Week 4: Centrale limietstelling en hypothese toetsen....................................................................22
Bijeenkomst 7: responsiecollege 3................................................................................................... 22
Herhaling normaalverdeling.......................................................................................................... 22
Herhaling Z-score en Z-tabel......................................................................................................... 22
SPPS............................................................................................................................................. 22
Bijeenkomst 8: hoorcollege 4............................................................................................................ 23
Inferentiële statistiek..................................................................................................................... 23
Centrale limietstelling.................................................................................................................... 23
Hypothese toetsen........................................................................................................................ 23
Type fouten................................................................................................................................... 24
Grasple week 4................................................................................................................................. 25
Herhaling populatie en steekproef................................................................................................. 25
Populatieverdeling, steekproefverdeling en steekproevenverdeling..............................................25
Centrale limietstelling.................................................................................................................... 26
Standaardfout................................................................................................................................ 26
Hypothese toetsen........................................................................................................................ 26
Week 5: T-toetsen en chikwadraat.................................................................................................... 29
Bijeenkomst 9: responsiecollege 4................................................................................................... 29
Herhaling hypothese..................................................................................................................... 29
Herhaling factoranalyse................................................................................................................. 30
Bijeenkomst 10: hoorcollege 5.......................................................................................................... 31
Herhaling hypothese toetsen......................................................................................................... 31
T-verdeling.................................................................................................................................... 32
Chikwadraat.................................................................................................................................. 32
Grasple week 5................................................................................................................................. 32
T-toets 1 steekproef...................................................................................................................... 32
T-toets 2 steekproeven.................................................................................................................. 34
Chi-kwadraat................................................................................................................................. 34
Week 6: Correlatie.............................................................................................................................. 34
Bijeenkomst 11: responsiecollege 5................................................................................................. 34
Herhaling One-sample t-test......................................................................................................... 34
Gerichte en ongerichte hypothese................................................................................................ 35
Independent sample t-toets........................................................................................................... 35
Herhaling chi-kwadraat.................................................................................................................. 36
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 36
Bijeenkomst 12: hoorcollege 6.......................................................................................................... 36
Correlatie vs. causatie................................................................................................................... 36
Verklaarde variantie...................................................................................................................... 37
Beperkingen van correlatie............................................................................................................ 38
Spearman correlatie...................................................................................................................... 38
Overzicht.......................................................................................................................................... 38
3
, Grasple week 6................................................................................................................................. 40
Spreindingsdiagram (scatterplot).................................................................................................. 40
Correlatie....................................................................................................................................... 40
Correlatie versus causatie............................................................................................................. 41
Week 7: Regressieanalyse................................................................................................................. 41
Bijeenkomst 13: responsiecollege 6................................................................................................. 41
Herhaling causatie en correlatie.................................................................................................... 41
Herhaling Chi-kwadraat vs. correlatie........................................................................................... 43
Herhaling Z-scores en kansen...................................................................................................... 43
Bijeenkomst 14: hoorcollege 7.......................................................................................................... 43
Regressie...................................................................................................................................... 44
Bivariate regressie........................................................................................................................ 44
Multivariate regressie.................................................................................................................... 45
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 47
Grasple week 7................................................................................................................................. 47
Lineaire regressie.......................................................................................................................... 47
Week 8: Samenvatten, oefenen en vragen.......................................................................................48
Bijeenkomst 15: responsiecollege 7................................................................................................. 48
Herhaling regressie....................................................................................................................... 48
Bijeenkomst 18: hoorcollege 8.......................................................................................................... 50
Herhaling meetniveaus.................................................................................................................. 50
Herhaling standaarddeviatie.......................................................................................................... 51
Herhaling normaalverdeling......................................................................................................... 52
Herhaling hypothese toetsen......................................................................................................... 52
Herhaling t-test.............................................................................................................................. 53
Herhaling mediatie........................................................................................................................ 53
Week 1: Data invoeren en werken met bestaande data
Bijeenkomst 1: Introductiecollege
Datum: 13 februari 2023
Inhoud van het vak
Werkvormen
Hoorcollege
Responsiecollege
Grasple
SPSS opdrachten
Spreekuur
Toetsing
Tentamen (meerkeuzetentamen)
Bonusregeling: artikelenopdracht (SPSS)
Leerdoelen
Statistische technieken gebruiken om kwantitatieve onderzoeksgegevens samen te
vatten;
De juiste statistische techniek kiezen voor een bepaald onderzoeksprobleem;
4
