Complete Summary
Philology 3
History of the English Language
Anouk de Waard
BA English Language and Culture
Leiden University
,Index
Index 1
What History of the English Language is all about 7
Languages, dialects, and standards 7
What is a standard language 7
From a small dialect to a world language 7
Chronology 7
History of English 8
OE 8
ME 8
EModE 8
LModE 8
What is English? 9
Language variation and change 10
The fact of language change 10
OE is a synthetic language 10
Sources of language change 10
Transmission and incrementation 10
Minimizing articulatory effort 11
Analogy 11
The lexicon 11
Dialect contact 12
Language contact 12
The Indo-European languages 13
Language divergence 13
One big (P)IE 13
Not just (P)IE family 14
The discovery of PIE 14
Who else got a piece of the PIE puzzle? 14
Grouping families 15
comparative method 15
The grouping of a (P)IE family 15
Satem languages and /k/ 16
P and Q Celtic 16
Some PIE characteristics 16
Where did PIE speakers originate? 16
Origin hypothesis 17
Kurgan Hypothesis (Gambutas) 17
Anatolian Hypothesis (Renfrew) 17
1
, The culture of (P)IE speakers 18
material 18
non-material 18
Poetry 18
The Germanic languages 19
Homeland of PIE: Anatolia 19
Homeland of PIE: Pontic Steppes 19
When did PIE stop being PIE? 19
What the Romans said… 19
Moving away from PIE-land 19
Proto-Germanic urhheimat 20
6 distinguishing features 20
Grimm’s Law 20
Fixed initial stress on the root 22
Two tense system 22
Strong and weak verbs 23
Strong and weak adjective declensions 23
Vocabulary 23
The Emergence of Old English 24
Who were there before Germanic tribes invaded Britain? 24
The Celts 24
The Romans 24
Meanwhile in the North: The Scots 24
Meanwhile in the South: The Roman collapse 24
The arrival of the Germanic tribes 25
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes 25
Recent study 25
What happened to the Celts? 25
Some characteristics of OE 26
OE written down 26
Prehistoric OE sound changes 26
Palatalization:Anglo-Frisian 26
i-mutation 26
inflections 26
PDE morphology 27
OE morphology 27
Pronouns 27
OE morphology 28
Overlap in weak noun endings 28
Overlap in strong noun endings 28
2
, Decline of inflections 29
Fricative voicing: allophonic variation 29
Norsemen and Normans 30
Language contact: Iceland vs England 30
Lexical invasions 30
English vocabulary today 30
The Norsemen 30
Danelaw 31
Result 31
Viking fame 31
Linguistic legacy 32
Recycling words 32
Repurposing words 32
Scots and Northern English 32
The Normans: 1066 33
Linguistic consequences 33
The Norman Elite 34
The next generations 34
Interlacing of suffixes 34
Extent of linguistic invasion 34
From OE to ME 34
5 Middle English dialects 35
Middle English - c. 1066-1500 36
Changing status of English 36
Why English and not French? 36
The demise of French: all about a woman 36
A game of thrones (1337-1453) 37
In a nutshell 37
Decline of Norman French and Latin 37
English makes a comeback 37
Decline of Norman French 37
English re-emerges: Spelling 38
English re-emerges: Dialects 39
Dialect differences 39
Major sound changes: Vowels 40
Major sound changes: consonants 41
Early Modern English - c.1476-1700 42
English gains national status 42
Caxton’s problem 42
EmodE 42
3
Philology 3
History of the English Language
Anouk de Waard
BA English Language and Culture
Leiden University
,Index
Index 1
What History of the English Language is all about 7
Languages, dialects, and standards 7
What is a standard language 7
From a small dialect to a world language 7
Chronology 7
History of English 8
OE 8
ME 8
EModE 8
LModE 8
What is English? 9
Language variation and change 10
The fact of language change 10
OE is a synthetic language 10
Sources of language change 10
Transmission and incrementation 10
Minimizing articulatory effort 11
Analogy 11
The lexicon 11
Dialect contact 12
Language contact 12
The Indo-European languages 13
Language divergence 13
One big (P)IE 13
Not just (P)IE family 14
The discovery of PIE 14
Who else got a piece of the PIE puzzle? 14
Grouping families 15
comparative method 15
The grouping of a (P)IE family 15
Satem languages and /k/ 16
P and Q Celtic 16
Some PIE characteristics 16
Where did PIE speakers originate? 16
Origin hypothesis 17
Kurgan Hypothesis (Gambutas) 17
Anatolian Hypothesis (Renfrew) 17
1
, The culture of (P)IE speakers 18
material 18
non-material 18
Poetry 18
The Germanic languages 19
Homeland of PIE: Anatolia 19
Homeland of PIE: Pontic Steppes 19
When did PIE stop being PIE? 19
What the Romans said… 19
Moving away from PIE-land 19
Proto-Germanic urhheimat 20
6 distinguishing features 20
Grimm’s Law 20
Fixed initial stress on the root 22
Two tense system 22
Strong and weak verbs 23
Strong and weak adjective declensions 23
Vocabulary 23
The Emergence of Old English 24
Who were there before Germanic tribes invaded Britain? 24
The Celts 24
The Romans 24
Meanwhile in the North: The Scots 24
Meanwhile in the South: The Roman collapse 24
The arrival of the Germanic tribes 25
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes 25
Recent study 25
What happened to the Celts? 25
Some characteristics of OE 26
OE written down 26
Prehistoric OE sound changes 26
Palatalization:Anglo-Frisian 26
i-mutation 26
inflections 26
PDE morphology 27
OE morphology 27
Pronouns 27
OE morphology 28
Overlap in weak noun endings 28
Overlap in strong noun endings 28
2
, Decline of inflections 29
Fricative voicing: allophonic variation 29
Norsemen and Normans 30
Language contact: Iceland vs England 30
Lexical invasions 30
English vocabulary today 30
The Norsemen 30
Danelaw 31
Result 31
Viking fame 31
Linguistic legacy 32
Recycling words 32
Repurposing words 32
Scots and Northern English 32
The Normans: 1066 33
Linguistic consequences 33
The Norman Elite 34
The next generations 34
Interlacing of suffixes 34
Extent of linguistic invasion 34
From OE to ME 34
5 Middle English dialects 35
Middle English - c. 1066-1500 36
Changing status of English 36
Why English and not French? 36
The demise of French: all about a woman 36
A game of thrones (1337-1453) 37
In a nutshell 37
Decline of Norman French and Latin 37
English makes a comeback 37
Decline of Norman French 37
English re-emerges: Spelling 38
English re-emerges: Dialects 39
Dialect differences 39
Major sound changes: Vowels 40
Major sound changes: consonants 41
Early Modern English - c.1476-1700 42
English gains national status 42
Caxton’s problem 42
EmodE 42
3
