Samenvatting
Gasturbine
Performance
Aviation
Academy
Faculty
of
Technology
Amsterdam
University
of
Applied
Sciences
,Inhoudsopgave
HOORCOLLEGE
1.1
..................................................................................................................................
4
Principe
van
voortstuwing
...............................................................................................................
4
Snelheden
lucht
en
vliegtuig
............................................................................................................
4
Rendement
vs.
Stuwkracht
..............................................................................................................
4
WERKCOLLEGE
1
.....................................................................................................................................
4
Wet
van
boyle
..................................................................................................................................
5
Wet
van
Gay-‐Lussac
........................................................................................................................
5
Combineren:
....................................................................................................................................
5
Eerste
hoofdwet
voor
gesloten
systemen:
.......................................................................................
5
HOORCOLLEGE
1.2
..................................................................................................................................
5
Gesloten
systemen
E
........................................................................................................................
5
Open
systeem
..................................................................................................................................
5
Isochoor
...........................................................................................................................................
5
Isobaar
.............................................................................................................................................
6
HOORCOLLEGE
2.1
..................................................................................................................................
6
Temperatuur
....................................................................................................................................
6
Warmte
...........................................................................................................................................
6
Isotherm
..........................................................................................................................................
6
Adiabatisch
......................................................................................................................................
6
𝑐𝑝/𝑐𝑣/𝛾/𝑅𝑠
....................................................................................................................................
7
Gesloten
kringproces
(Otto-‐cycle)
...................................................................................................
7
Open
kringproces:
...........................................................................................................................
7
HOORCOLLEGE
2.2
..................................................................................................................................
8
Verliezen
..........................................................................................................................................
8
Otto
cycle
.........................................................................................................................................
8
Diesel
Cycle
......................................................................................................................................
8
Brayton
cycle
...................................................................................................................................
8
Carnot
cycle
.....................................................................................................................................
9
HOORCOLLEGE
3.1
..................................................................................................................................
9
Opbouw
gasturbine
.........................................................................................................................
9
Type
motoren
..................................................................................................................................
9
1e
hoofdwet
voor
open
systemen
..................................................................................................
10
1e
hoofdwet
voor
gesloten
systemen
............................................................................................
11
Arbeid
............................................................................................................................................
11
Totale
enthalpie
............................................................................................................................
11
Totale
Temperatuur
.......................................................................................................................
11
1e
hoofdwet
toegepast
voor
gasturbine
........................................................................................
11
WERKCOLLEGE
3
...................................................................................................................................
12
Totale
rendement
..........................................................................................................................
12
HOORCOLLEGE
3.2
................................................................................................................................
12
Effect
uitlaat
..................................................................................................................................
12
Kritische
druk
.................................................................................................................................
12
Stuwkracht
....................................................................................................................................
13
Brandstof/lucht
verhouding
..........................................................................................................
13
Relatieve
enthalpie
........................................................................................................................
13
HOORCOLLEGE
4.1
................................................................................................................................
14
2
, Gasturbines
of
land
of
lucht
..........................................................................................................
14
Rendementen
................................................................................................................................
14
Mechanisch
rendement
.................................................................................................................
14
Rendement
verbrandingskamer
....................................................................................................
14
Rendement
verbranding
brandstof
...............................................................................................
15
Rendement
compressor
.................................................................................................................
15
Rendement
uitlaat
.........................................................................................................................
15
WERKCOLLEGE
4
...................................................................................................................................
15
Verband
TIT,
CPR
versus
Fspec,
TSFC
...............................................................................................
15
Flat
Rated
Thrust
...........................................................................................................................
15
DeRated
Thrust
..............................................................................................................................
16
HOORCOLLEGE
4.2
................................................................................................................................
16
By
Pass
Ratio
.................................................................................................................................
16
Aft-‐fan
...........................................................................................................................................
16
HOORCOLLEGE
5.1
................................................................................................................................
17
WERKCOLLEGE
5
...................................................................................................................................
17
HOORCOLLEGE
5.2
................................................................................................................................
18
Locatie
VSVs
en
VBVs
....................................................................................................................
19
HOORCOLLEGE
6.1
................................................................................................................................
19
Centrifugaalcompressor
................................................................................................................
19
Snelheidsdriehoek
ingang
impeller
................................................................................................
19
Uitgang
impeller
............................................................................................................................
20
Turbine
bladen
...............................................................................................................................
20
WERKGROEP
6
......................................................................................................................................
21
Snelheidsdriehoeken
turbine
.........................................................................................................
21
Vermogen
......................................................................................................................................
21
Reactiegraad
.................................................................................................................................
21
HOORCOLLEGE
6.2
................................................................................................................................
22
Verschillende
manieren
van
koeling
..............................................................................................
22
Mogelijke
problemen:
...................................................................................................................
23
HOORCOLLEGE
7.1
................................................................................................................................
23
Brandstofstroom
van
tanks
naar
fuel
nozzles
...............................................................................
23
Verstuivers
(fuel
injectors)
.............................................................................................................
24
HOORCOLLEGE
7.2
................................................................................................................................
25
Ontvlammingsgrenzen
..................................................................................................................
25
Relight
envelope
............................................................................................................................
25
Soorten
verbrandingskamers
........................................................................................................
25
Startmotoren
.................................................................................................................................
26
HOORCOLLEGE
8.1
................................................................................................................................
27
Ontstekingsmechanisme
...............................................................................................................
27
Startcyclus
.....................................................................................................................................
28
Steady-‐state
line
............................................................................................................................
28
HOORCOLLEGE
8.2
................................................................................................................................
29
MEC
...............................................................................................................................................
29
PMC
...............................................................................................................................................
29
FADEC
............................................................................................................................................
29
3
, Hoorcollege
1.1
Principe
van
voortstuwing
Newton
2nd
law:
𝐹 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑎
Newton
3rd
law:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑒 = −𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑒
1. Lucht
wordt
versneld
2. Lucht
ondervind
kracht
van
ballon
3. Ballon
ondervind
dezelfde
kracht
in
tegengestelde
richting
van
lucht
Snelheden
lucht
en
vliegtuig
Ca
(aircraft)
=
snelheid
vliegtuig
ten
opzichte
van
wind/grond
Ci
(in)
=
Ca=
snelheid
lucht
bij
inlaat
ten
opzichte
van
motor
Cj
(jet)
=
snelheid
lucht
bij
uitlaat
ten
opzichte
van
motor
Stuwkracht
𝐹 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝐶5 − 𝐶6 )
Rendement
p
=
vermogen
afgegeven
aan
vliegtuig/vermogen
afgegeven
dor
motor
Rendement
vs.
Stuwkracht
Wat
we
willen
is
een
krachtige
en
zuinige
motor
dus:
Voorkeur
van
kleine
versnelling
van
grote
massa.
Voortstuwingsrendement
2
𝑁9
=
=
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐶5
1+
𝐶6
Werkcollege
1
Soortelijke
warmte
(c)
is
hoeveelheid
warmte
benodigd
om
1
kg
1
K
te
verwarmen
Verbrandingswaarde
is
de
hoeveelheid
warmte
die
vrijkomt
bij
de
volledige
verbranding
van
1
kg
brandstof
Bovenste
verbrandingswaarde
is
net
zoals
de
verbrandingswaarde.
De
gevormde
waterdamp
condenseert
volledig
en
staat
dus
extra
warmte
af
Onderste
verbrandingswaarde
(stookwaarde)
is
net
zoals
de
verbrandingswaarde.
De
gevormde
waterdamp
wordt
volledig
afgevoerd
en
staat
dus
geen
extra
warmte
af.
𝑇
=
𝑡𝑐
+
273
(𝑖𝑛
𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛)
I
Soortelijke
massa
(dichtheid):
𝜌
=
J
4
Gasturbine
Performance
Aviation
Academy
Faculty
of
Technology
Amsterdam
University
of
Applied
Sciences
,Inhoudsopgave
HOORCOLLEGE
1.1
..................................................................................................................................
4
Principe
van
voortstuwing
...............................................................................................................
4
Snelheden
lucht
en
vliegtuig
............................................................................................................
4
Rendement
vs.
Stuwkracht
..............................................................................................................
4
WERKCOLLEGE
1
.....................................................................................................................................
4
Wet
van
boyle
..................................................................................................................................
5
Wet
van
Gay-‐Lussac
........................................................................................................................
5
Combineren:
....................................................................................................................................
5
Eerste
hoofdwet
voor
gesloten
systemen:
.......................................................................................
5
HOORCOLLEGE
1.2
..................................................................................................................................
5
Gesloten
systemen
E
........................................................................................................................
5
Open
systeem
..................................................................................................................................
5
Isochoor
...........................................................................................................................................
5
Isobaar
.............................................................................................................................................
6
HOORCOLLEGE
2.1
..................................................................................................................................
6
Temperatuur
....................................................................................................................................
6
Warmte
...........................................................................................................................................
6
Isotherm
..........................................................................................................................................
6
Adiabatisch
......................................................................................................................................
6
𝑐𝑝/𝑐𝑣/𝛾/𝑅𝑠
....................................................................................................................................
7
Gesloten
kringproces
(Otto-‐cycle)
...................................................................................................
7
Open
kringproces:
...........................................................................................................................
7
HOORCOLLEGE
2.2
..................................................................................................................................
8
Verliezen
..........................................................................................................................................
8
Otto
cycle
.........................................................................................................................................
8
Diesel
Cycle
......................................................................................................................................
8
Brayton
cycle
...................................................................................................................................
8
Carnot
cycle
.....................................................................................................................................
9
HOORCOLLEGE
3.1
..................................................................................................................................
9
Opbouw
gasturbine
.........................................................................................................................
9
Type
motoren
..................................................................................................................................
9
1e
hoofdwet
voor
open
systemen
..................................................................................................
10
1e
hoofdwet
voor
gesloten
systemen
............................................................................................
11
Arbeid
............................................................................................................................................
11
Totale
enthalpie
............................................................................................................................
11
Totale
Temperatuur
.......................................................................................................................
11
1e
hoofdwet
toegepast
voor
gasturbine
........................................................................................
11
WERKCOLLEGE
3
...................................................................................................................................
12
Totale
rendement
..........................................................................................................................
12
HOORCOLLEGE
3.2
................................................................................................................................
12
Effect
uitlaat
..................................................................................................................................
12
Kritische
druk
.................................................................................................................................
12
Stuwkracht
....................................................................................................................................
13
Brandstof/lucht
verhouding
..........................................................................................................
13
Relatieve
enthalpie
........................................................................................................................
13
HOORCOLLEGE
4.1
................................................................................................................................
14
2
, Gasturbines
of
land
of
lucht
..........................................................................................................
14
Rendementen
................................................................................................................................
14
Mechanisch
rendement
.................................................................................................................
14
Rendement
verbrandingskamer
....................................................................................................
14
Rendement
verbranding
brandstof
...............................................................................................
15
Rendement
compressor
.................................................................................................................
15
Rendement
uitlaat
.........................................................................................................................
15
WERKCOLLEGE
4
...................................................................................................................................
15
Verband
TIT,
CPR
versus
Fspec,
TSFC
...............................................................................................
15
Flat
Rated
Thrust
...........................................................................................................................
15
DeRated
Thrust
..............................................................................................................................
16
HOORCOLLEGE
4.2
................................................................................................................................
16
By
Pass
Ratio
.................................................................................................................................
16
Aft-‐fan
...........................................................................................................................................
16
HOORCOLLEGE
5.1
................................................................................................................................
17
WERKCOLLEGE
5
...................................................................................................................................
17
HOORCOLLEGE
5.2
................................................................................................................................
18
Locatie
VSVs
en
VBVs
....................................................................................................................
19
HOORCOLLEGE
6.1
................................................................................................................................
19
Centrifugaalcompressor
................................................................................................................
19
Snelheidsdriehoek
ingang
impeller
................................................................................................
19
Uitgang
impeller
............................................................................................................................
20
Turbine
bladen
...............................................................................................................................
20
WERKGROEP
6
......................................................................................................................................
21
Snelheidsdriehoeken
turbine
.........................................................................................................
21
Vermogen
......................................................................................................................................
21
Reactiegraad
.................................................................................................................................
21
HOORCOLLEGE
6.2
................................................................................................................................
22
Verschillende
manieren
van
koeling
..............................................................................................
22
Mogelijke
problemen:
...................................................................................................................
23
HOORCOLLEGE
7.1
................................................................................................................................
23
Brandstofstroom
van
tanks
naar
fuel
nozzles
...............................................................................
23
Verstuivers
(fuel
injectors)
.............................................................................................................
24
HOORCOLLEGE
7.2
................................................................................................................................
25
Ontvlammingsgrenzen
..................................................................................................................
25
Relight
envelope
............................................................................................................................
25
Soorten
verbrandingskamers
........................................................................................................
25
Startmotoren
.................................................................................................................................
26
HOORCOLLEGE
8.1
................................................................................................................................
27
Ontstekingsmechanisme
...............................................................................................................
27
Startcyclus
.....................................................................................................................................
28
Steady-‐state
line
............................................................................................................................
28
HOORCOLLEGE
8.2
................................................................................................................................
29
MEC
...............................................................................................................................................
29
PMC
...............................................................................................................................................
29
FADEC
............................................................................................................................................
29
3
, Hoorcollege
1.1
Principe
van
voortstuwing
Newton
2nd
law:
𝐹 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑎
Newton
3rd
law:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑒 = −𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑒
1. Lucht
wordt
versneld
2. Lucht
ondervind
kracht
van
ballon
3. Ballon
ondervind
dezelfde
kracht
in
tegengestelde
richting
van
lucht
Snelheden
lucht
en
vliegtuig
Ca
(aircraft)
=
snelheid
vliegtuig
ten
opzichte
van
wind/grond
Ci
(in)
=
Ca=
snelheid
lucht
bij
inlaat
ten
opzichte
van
motor
Cj
(jet)
=
snelheid
lucht
bij
uitlaat
ten
opzichte
van
motor
Stuwkracht
𝐹 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝐶5 − 𝐶6 )
Rendement
p
=
vermogen
afgegeven
aan
vliegtuig/vermogen
afgegeven
dor
motor
Rendement
vs.
Stuwkracht
Wat
we
willen
is
een
krachtige
en
zuinige
motor
dus:
Voorkeur
van
kleine
versnelling
van
grote
massa.
Voortstuwingsrendement
2
𝑁9
=
=
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐶5
1+
𝐶6
Werkcollege
1
Soortelijke
warmte
(c)
is
hoeveelheid
warmte
benodigd
om
1
kg
1
K
te
verwarmen
Verbrandingswaarde
is
de
hoeveelheid
warmte
die
vrijkomt
bij
de
volledige
verbranding
van
1
kg
brandstof
Bovenste
verbrandingswaarde
is
net
zoals
de
verbrandingswaarde.
De
gevormde
waterdamp
condenseert
volledig
en
staat
dus
extra
warmte
af
Onderste
verbrandingswaarde
(stookwaarde)
is
net
zoals
de
verbrandingswaarde.
De
gevormde
waterdamp
wordt
volledig
afgevoerd
en
staat
dus
geen
extra
warmte
af.
𝑇
=
𝑡𝑐
+
273
(𝑖𝑛
𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛)
I
Soortelijke
massa
(dichtheid):
𝜌
=
J
4
