cardiac vascular certification

nursing application for pericardum: Pericardium Right atrium epicardium The pericardial space lies between the two layer of the inner pericardial layer. This space usually contains 10 to 30 mL of pericardial fluid, which reduces friction between the parietal and visceral layers of the inner pericardium. The serous in- ner layer is similar to the membranes that line the pleura and peritoneum. de- velopment of cardiac tamponade from pericardial effusion is more dependent on the length of time the effusion took to develop, rather than a fixed amount of fluid accumulation in the pericardial space. rapid accumulation is more likely to trigger tamponade symptoms. A multi-layered sac that encloses the heart, the four pulmonary veins, and por￾tions of the main pulmonary artery, infe￾rior vena cava, superior vena cava, and ascending aorta. it outer layer is fibrous. Inner layer is serous, flat squamous cells that secrete serous fluid, and is divided into two parts: parietal, outer, and viscer- al, inner. collects deoxgenated , venous, blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. delivers blood through the tri- cuspid valve to the right ventricle. layer of squamonous epithelial cells forming the outer heart wall. Is largely equivalent to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. includes the surface coronary arteries, a fat layer, and the part of the lymphatic system associated with the heart. cardiac vascular certification 2 / 30 epicardium nursing application: Myocardium myocardium nursing applications Endocardium depolarization begins in the edocardi- um and spreads outward to the epicardi- um, although the epicardium is capable of transmitting depolarizing impulses as well. pacing wires may be placed in either the endocardium or the epicardium, but some studies show that epicardial pacing leads have a higher incidence of complications and/or failure. layer of muscle tissue between the epi- cardium and the endocardium that contracts to provide systemic blood circulation. Largest portion of the heart wall. myocardial muscle cells are unique in that they are capable of depolarizing in- dependent of nerve stimulation. Depolarization should be distinguished from automaticity, which is a characteristic not of general myocardial cells, but of the specialized conductive muscle fiber bundles in the nodes, bundle of his and purkinje fibes. The myocardium relies on correct acid base balance, oxy- gen, and balanced electrolytes for prop- er function. potassium, magnesium, cal- cium and sodium are the most notable electrolytes that affect the myocardium. layer of endothelial cells, smooth muscle tissue and small blood vessels that forms the inside of the heart wall. Endothelial cells also cover the heart valves and the inside of blood des a barrier between the blood in the heart chamber and the myocardium.