Social Sciences
, MAPS & ATLASES [MAPWORK]
[LINES OF LATITUDE & LONGITUDE = INDICATE PLACES ON EARTH]
LATITUDE →imaginary line on a map that runs PARALLEL with the equator
Z West to East (→)
Z Parallel to equator & each other
Z Circles (different size)
Z Indicates how far north / south FROM EQUATOR
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (EQUATOR) to 90°N (NORTH POLE) and 90°S (SOUTH POLE)
LINES OF LONGITUDE →imaginary line on a map connecting the NORTH POLE and the SOUTH
POLE
Z North Pole to South Pole ()
Z Farthest from each other at equator
Z Meet at the poles
Z Indicates how far west / east from ZERO MEDIAN [→median of longitude > by
Greenwich, England]
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (ZERO PREMEDIAN), EAST 180°E, WEST 180°W
MEASURE > WIDTH LOCATION AND LENGTH
LOCATION
[LATITUDE LOCATION →distance from a place
north / south of equator MEASURED IN DEGREES
AND MINUTES]
[LONGITUDE LOCATION (MERIDIANS)→distance of
a place west / east from ZERO MEDIAN MEASURED
IN DEGREES AND MINUTES]
𝟏
*** Each degree of latitude / longitude can be divided into minutes [ of a degree >
𝟔𝟎
symbol = ']
1° = 60' (60 minutes)
¼° = 15'
½= 30'
¾= 45'
[COORDINATES → numbers indicating intersection of latitude and
longitude lines (of places on a map)]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= ALWAYS FIRST THE LATITUDE LOCATION (N / S) THEN THE LENGTH LOCATION
(W / O)
2© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
, 2 WAYS TO GET PLACES ON A MAP
1. GRID BLOCK POSITION
[using grid blocks (e.g., A5) by analysing the columns at the bottom and then rows
numbered along the side > REMEMBER! Alphanumeric > FIRST THE LETTER THEN THE NUMBER]
2. COORDINATE POSITION
[use of degrees and minutes on a map to stipulate the position of a place on the map]
SCALE [TYPES]
[(MAP) SCALE → relationship between distance on a map & ground distance
indicating it > in words (word scale), divided line (line scale> line on map to
indicate the distance on the ground) / as a relationship (e.g., 1 : 2 500 000
(25km) > 1cm on map = 25km in reality]
MAINLAND = SMALL SCALE MAP → 1 : 175 000 000(1 cm = 1,750 km) [world]
[LARGE SCALE MAPS]
COUNTRY [SMALL AREA] > MORE DETAIL → 1 : 90 000 000 (1 cm = 900 km)
PROVINCE [REGION] → 1 : 4 000 000(1cm = 40km)
LOCAL AREA → 1 : 5 500 000(1cm = 55km)
MEASURE DISTANCE ON A MAP
100cm-1m
1000cm-10m
10,000cm-100m
100,000cm-1000m/1km
"PAPER METHOD"
METHOD 1 Z Put a piece of paper on the map so that it passes through the 2
measuring points
Z Mark the 2 measuring points on the piece of paper
Z Put the paper next to the line scale [put right-hand mark in line
with the kilometer mark and left-hand mark on 0 mark]
"PASSER METHOD"
METHOD 2 Z Set width of calliper between the 2 measurement points
Z Place the points on the line scale [put right-hand point in line with
the kilometer mark and left-hand point on 0-mark]
“MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION METHOD”
METHOD 3 Map scale = 1 : 50 000 [1cm on map = 50 000 cm on ground]
Cm (measured on map) x
50 000
100 000
BUT WHY 100 000?
>1km = 1 000m (1 000 x 100) = 100 000 cm
3© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
, THE GLOBE
[SEMICIRCLES = HEMISPHERE]
→ causes world seasons
→ formed by ZERO MERIDIAN & 180°meidian
[THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS OWN AXIS = CAUSES DAY AND NIGHT]
→ axis = imaginary LINE OF LONGITUDE
→ +- 24 hours = complete rotation [ROTATE = ANTI-CLOCKWISE]
→ earth = spherical > if one half is in the sun (day), the other is in the shadow (night) [THIS
CAUSES TIME, TIME ZONES ETC.]
Time zones →different points on the earth have different times at the same instant
[EARTH = ROTATE COMPLETELY > 360° > 1 TIME PER DAY > 24 HOURS]
= 15° per hour
360°
= ROTATE
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
RULE:
Places EAST (“behind”) = LATER
Places WEST (“before”) = EARLIER
[if time changes by 1h / 15° longitude = time difference
of 4 min for every 1° longitude
[STANDARD TIME → time of a specific meridian used over a large area]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= All places in SA calculate their time from the 30° E Meridian
4© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
, MAPS & ATLASES [MAPWORK]
[LINES OF LATITUDE & LONGITUDE = INDICATE PLACES ON EARTH]
LATITUDE →imaginary line on a map that runs PARALLEL with the equator
Z West to East (→)
Z Parallel to equator & each other
Z Circles (different size)
Z Indicates how far north / south FROM EQUATOR
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (EQUATOR) to 90°N (NORTH POLE) and 90°S (SOUTH POLE)
LINES OF LONGITUDE →imaginary line on a map connecting the NORTH POLE and the SOUTH
POLE
Z North Pole to South Pole ()
Z Farthest from each other at equator
Z Meet at the poles
Z Indicates how far west / east from ZERO MEDIAN [→median of longitude > by
Greenwich, England]
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (ZERO PREMEDIAN), EAST 180°E, WEST 180°W
MEASURE > WIDTH LOCATION AND LENGTH
LOCATION
[LATITUDE LOCATION →distance from a place
north / south of equator MEASURED IN DEGREES
AND MINUTES]
[LONGITUDE LOCATION (MERIDIANS)→distance of
a place west / east from ZERO MEDIAN MEASURED
IN DEGREES AND MINUTES]
𝟏
*** Each degree of latitude / longitude can be divided into minutes [ of a degree >
𝟔𝟎
symbol = ']
1° = 60' (60 minutes)
¼° = 15'
½= 30'
¾= 45'
[COORDINATES → numbers indicating intersection of latitude and
longitude lines (of places on a map)]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= ALWAYS FIRST THE LATITUDE LOCATION (N / S) THEN THE LENGTH LOCATION
(W / O)
2© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
, 2 WAYS TO GET PLACES ON A MAP
1. GRID BLOCK POSITION
[using grid blocks (e.g., A5) by analysing the columns at the bottom and then rows
numbered along the side > REMEMBER! Alphanumeric > FIRST THE LETTER THEN THE NUMBER]
2. COORDINATE POSITION
[use of degrees and minutes on a map to stipulate the position of a place on the map]
SCALE [TYPES]
[(MAP) SCALE → relationship between distance on a map & ground distance
indicating it > in words (word scale), divided line (line scale> line on map to
indicate the distance on the ground) / as a relationship (e.g., 1 : 2 500 000
(25km) > 1cm on map = 25km in reality]
MAINLAND = SMALL SCALE MAP → 1 : 175 000 000(1 cm = 1,750 km) [world]
[LARGE SCALE MAPS]
COUNTRY [SMALL AREA] > MORE DETAIL → 1 : 90 000 000 (1 cm = 900 km)
PROVINCE [REGION] → 1 : 4 000 000(1cm = 40km)
LOCAL AREA → 1 : 5 500 000(1cm = 55km)
MEASURE DISTANCE ON A MAP
100cm-1m
1000cm-10m
10,000cm-100m
100,000cm-1000m/1km
"PAPER METHOD"
METHOD 1 Z Put a piece of paper on the map so that it passes through the 2
measuring points
Z Mark the 2 measuring points on the piece of paper
Z Put the paper next to the line scale [put right-hand mark in line
with the kilometer mark and left-hand mark on 0 mark]
"PASSER METHOD"
METHOD 2 Z Set width of calliper between the 2 measurement points
Z Place the points on the line scale [put right-hand point in line with
the kilometer mark and left-hand point on 0-mark]
“MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION METHOD”
METHOD 3 Map scale = 1 : 50 000 [1cm on map = 50 000 cm on ground]
Cm (measured on map) x
50 000
100 000
BUT WHY 100 000?
>1km = 1 000m (1 000 x 100) = 100 000 cm
3© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
, THE GLOBE
[SEMICIRCLES = HEMISPHERE]
→ causes world seasons
→ formed by ZERO MERIDIAN & 180°meidian
[THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS OWN AXIS = CAUSES DAY AND NIGHT]
→ axis = imaginary LINE OF LONGITUDE
→ +- 24 hours = complete rotation [ROTATE = ANTI-CLOCKWISE]
→ earth = spherical > if one half is in the sun (day), the other is in the shadow (night) [THIS
CAUSES TIME, TIME ZONES ETC.]
Time zones →different points on the earth have different times at the same instant
[EARTH = ROTATE COMPLETELY > 360° > 1 TIME PER DAY > 24 HOURS]
= 15° per hour
360°
= ROTATE
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
RULE:
Places EAST (“behind”) = LATER
Places WEST (“before”) = EARLIER
[if time changes by 1h / 15° longitude = time difference
of 4 min for every 1° longitude
[STANDARD TIME → time of a specific meridian used over a large area]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= All places in SA calculate their time from the 30° E Meridian
4© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za
