AP Art History 250 Comprehensive Exam With Complete Solution

AP Art History 250 1. Apollo 11 Stones - Form: -stones with charcoal drawings of animals -geometric designs - 4-5" Function: - depict animals =some of world's oldest works of art Content: - animal figures with human legs added on probably later Context: - found in Apollo 11 caves in Namibia -probably were made about 25500 BCE (oldest representational art in Africa) and buried in these caves -named because it was discovered at the time of the Apollo 11 moon landing 2. Great Hall of the Bulls - Form: -naturalistic charcoal drawings in a cave -natural materials: plants, charcoal, iron ore -twisted perspective - human are stick figures while animals are realistic looking Content: - pictures animals in motion - pictures on top of pictures (all from different artists from many time periods) -cows, bulls, horses, deer -650 paintings Function: - to show an animal ritual (very unusual to find pictures of humans/hunting) -ancestral animal worship Context: -sacred place (deep in a cave)- in situ -not a dwelling because the creators of these were nomads -Paleolithic Europe- Lascaux, France 3. Camelid sacrum - Form: - carved bone Function: -spiritual mask -house spiritual essence of a hunted animal -sacrum bone powerful symbolism of Osiris and rebirth- triangle Content: - sacrum bone (hip bone) carved in shape of a canine/wolf Context: -found in a tomb in Mexico (MesoAmerica) - BCE 4. Running horned woman - Form: - canyon painting (layers of painting from different times so makes it hard for carbon dating) -depicts motion Function; - show this person as holy or a god bc of the horns Content: - shows a woman with horns running - dots on her body represent body painting - shows a deity wearing ceremonial headgear? Context: - in situ on canyon walls in the Sahara - BCE (neolithic) 5. Bushel with ibex motifs - Form: -painted terra cotta, clay - geometric forms - set in registers, controlled and repeated planar composition Function: -funerary object Content: -dog figures, mountain goat, cranes Context: - Susa, Iran in BCE -neolithic -new technology: use of potter's wheel 6. Anthropomorphic stele - Form: -sandstone Content: - 3 of them all 3ft tall -belted robe with knife hanging from it Function: - used in incense trade -religious/burial practices Context: -found on trade routes in the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia -fourth millennium 7. Jade cong - Form: - carved jade -low reliefs -abstract designs - square with a circle inside Function: -jade usually appears in burials of high ranked people Content: -low reliefs decorations on this refer to spirits/ deities Context: - Liangshzu, China in BCE -jade in China is linked with virtues like beauty, durability, and subtlety 8. Stonehenge - Form: - sandstone -post and lintel (two vertical posts support a horizontal beam) - arranged in a circle (cromlech) Content: - stones in a centralized plan -small stones surrounding in no specific pattern Function: - probably religious ceremionies - burial? - marker of mid-summer solstice Context: -Wiltshire, UK in BCE 9. The Ambum stone - Form: -greywacke stone Content: -sculpted to look like an anteater -human/animal characteristics (mostly animal) Function: - objects like these are believed to have supernatural power - used as a spirit stone in rituals Context: - Ambun Valley, Papua New Guinea around 1500 BCE 10. Tlatico female figure - Form: -ceramic Content: - pinched waist and big hips with two-heads - no hands or feet -naked except for jewelry Function: - show fertility -two heads represent life and death that happens everyday Context: - Central Mexico in 1200-900 BCE -many of the other figures show deformities like this 11. Terra cotta fragment - Form: -terra cotta with dentate stamping Content: -dentate designs (circles, hatching, dots) Function: -unknown Context: - Lapita peoples - Solomon Islands, Reef Islands in 1000 BCE 12. White Temple and its ziggurat - Form: - mud brick -collosal scale -built to resemble mountain Content: - sloping walls, bent access (ramp up to enter the altar), 3 entrances -mosaic surface Function: - temple that is a meeting place for humans and gods in the center of the city -votive figures and dedicated to Anu the sky god -top temple was only for royals or clergy to enter Context: - Uruk; Modern day Warka, Iraq -Sumerian - BCE 13. Palette of King Narmer - Form: -greywacke -organized in registers -hierarchic scale -low relief, twisted perspective Content: -Front: Narmer (on large scale) looking on the beheaded bodies of his enemies wearing crown of lower Egypt, harnessed lionesses (symbol of unification), bull knowcking down a city fortress (Narmer knocking over enemies) -Back: Hawk=Horus, Narmer wearing bowling pin crown (symbol of unification), stands barefoot (he is a divine king), palette for eye makeup, hieroglyphics Function: -represents the unification of Egypt and country's growth as a powerful nation Context: -found in temple of Horus -Old Kingdom of Egypt -3000 BCE 14. Statues of votive figures - Form: - bilateral symmetry - eyes exaggeration (beholding the divine) -gypsum and black limestone Content: -the hands are placed in prayful gesture - elite male and female figures Function: -placed in ziggurat to resemble the people that aren't allowed to be in the ziggurats Context; - found in the Square Temple of Eshunna (modern day Tell Asmur, Iraq) -2700 BCE 15. Seated Scribe - Form: -painted limestone -crystal limestone eyes Content: -royal scribe -depicted with sagging body (realistic not ideal), thin face -holding tools to show he is ready to write Function: -shows that the scribe is important but not perfect like a pharoah -made for tomb at Saqqara for the ka Context: -Saqqara, Egypt 2500 BCE -found near tomb (funerary object) 16. Standard of Ur - Form: - wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and black limestone -mosaic -hierarchic scale to show who was more important in society -front shoulds, body in profile Content: -2 sides: war side and peace side -war side: shows Sumerian king on larger scale descending from his chariot to inspect captives, lower register shows him riding over dead bodies in his chariot -peace side: food brought to a banquet, ruler wears a kilt of wool (larger scale) Function: - shows the different classes of people -democratic leadership Context: - found in the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern day Iraq) - BCE Sumerian 17. Great Pyramid (Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx - Form: -square base with 4 sloped sides (represents rays of sun) -polished limestone Content: -pyramids with adjoining funerary complex; get to these through secret passageways -Great Sphinx: human head with lion head -descending order on West side of Nile Function: -maintain and protect tombs for eternity -Great Sphinx: protecter the pyramids behind it Context: -built by Khufu, Khafre, and Menkuare (each temple name after) -Khufu temple (oldest and largest) -Old Kingdom- 2500BCE -Giza, Egypt 18. Menkaura and queen - Form: -greywacke -under life-size -symmetrical -Egyptian style: one foot in front of the other Content: -king and queen same height, idealized figures -pharaoh crown -wife gives simple affectionate gesture Function: -temple sculpture -symbolize his power and kingship Context: -Old Kingdom 2500 BCE 19. Code of Hammurabi - Form: -black-stone stele with words carved in it -basalt -frontal shoulders, everything else profile Content: -divine law code carved in stone -sun god, Shamash, giving laws to Hammurabi to be king -god is bigger (hierarchic scale) Function: -tells us where the laws came from -exercises justice and divine authority to carry out the law Context: - Babylon (modern day Iran) -Susian ( BCE) 20. Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall - Form: -cut sandstone and mud brick -hypostyle hall -symmetrical plan, axial plan -open ceilings -colossal columns with sunken relief Content: -134 sandstone columns -inscriptions/images of kings and gods on walls and columns -gates (suggesting old world to new world) Function: -used for festivities and prayer -only priests and pharoahs allowed Context: -Karnak, near Luxor -New Kingdom 1250 BCE -East side of the Nile 21. Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput - Form: -sandstone -red granite statue -built into rock cliff Function: -mortuary temple for Hatsheput but she wasn't buried there -statue shows her power in male ways (beard and kneeling is priest-like gesture Content: -statue of Hatsheput kneeling: offering plants to Amen, the sun god -ascent up to temple -chapels and shrines dedicated to her -hypostyle hall Context: -site specific -across from Amun temple 22. Akhenaton, Neferiti, and three daughters - Form: -sunken relief piece, limestone, hieroglyphics Content: -couple receiving blessing from Aten (the sun god-rays shown) -show husband and wife seated with their children -rays shining upon the family showing their divinity Function: -shows intimacy of the family -conveys realistic fidgetiness of children -state religious shift in evolving Egyptian art Context: -New Kingdom (Amarna) 1350 BCE 23. Tutankhamun's tomb (innermost coffin) - Form: -gold -inlay with stones and enamel Content: -crook and flail- symbols of Osiris -cobra and vulture coming from headpiece- gods of Upper and Lower Egypt -Son of Akhenaton Function: -sarcophagus (body inside) -materials used represent the royal wealth (143 objects buried with him) Context: - New Kingdom 1325 BCE 24. Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer (page from Book of the Dead) - Form: -painted papyrus scroll -continuous narrative Content: -Hu-Nefer being lead to final judgement -heart weighed on scale against Osiris (test to see if has a heavy heart) -sin must weigh less than feather -Hu-Nefer is accepted into afterlife Function: -guide people to the afterlife and make journey from life to death Context: -New Kingdom 1275 BCE -found in Hu-Nefer's tomb -from the Book of the Dead 25. Lamassu - Form: - alabaster -limestone Content: -god-like figures -animal body, human head -5 legs Function; -support doorways of Assyrian palaces -intimidate those who enter Context: - from the citadel of Sargon II (modern day Iraq) - 720-705 BCE -Sumerian 26. Athenian Agora - Form: -long buildings (stoa) -covered places- public markets -at foot of Acropolis, road that leads up Function: -marketplace/meeting area -temple (pay tribute to Athena) Content: -participated with government -democracy- didn't vote representatives but instead participated directly Context: -600-150 BCE -Athens, Greece 27. Anavysos Kouros - Form: -marble with remnant of paint -archaic smile -Egyptian inspiration shown through the stance of one foot slightly in front of other -incaustic paint Content: -not a specific civilian depicted (not individualized) -male nude (warrior) -observing the human body Function: -grave marker Context: -530 BCE -large scaled 28. Peplos Kore from Acropolis - Form: -archaic smile -patterned hair -marble with paint remains -smaller scale Content: -women with arm out (supposed to hold out a oil lamp but hand broken off) Function: -in front of temples to "light the way" -votive figure Context: -530 BCE 29. Sarcophagus of the Spouses - Form: -terra cotta (sign that this is Etruscan) -lifesize -archaic smile, patterned hair -extending arms Content: -husband and wife reclining on a couch dining "dining in banquet for eternity" -four pieces put together Function: -funerary container to hold ashes not the body