NEW MEDIA CHALLENGES
INHOUDSOPGAVE
WEEK 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Lecture 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Lecture 2 ‘An introduction to privacy’ ................................................................................................................. 3
Lecture 3: ‘Personalization, privacy concerns and information sharing. ............................................................ 6
WEEK 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Lecture 4 ‘Social media and online hate’ .......................................................................................................... 13
Lecture 5 ‘Social media moderation: the work In keeping communicates civil’ ............................................... 20
Lecture 6: ‘Democratic backlash of the digital revolution’ ............................................................................... 25
Week 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
Lecture 7 ‘Social media and political campaigns’ ............................................................................................. 31
Lecture 8 ‘Fake news, Conspiracy Belief and populism ..................................................................................... 42
WEEK 4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
Lecture 9 ‘Extremism, populism and (mis)information’ .................................................................................... 52
Lecture 10 ‘Social contagion on social media: How behaviors may spread across online networks ................ 57
WEEK 5 ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
Lecture 11: ‘Media literacy and digital citizenship’ .......................................................................................... 63
Lecture 12: ‘Social Technologies – benefits and applications’ .......................................................................... 69
Lecture 13: ‘Social technologies – risks and challenges’ ................................................................................... 72
WEEK 6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
Lecture 14: ‘Always on: Multitasking and performance’ .................................................................................. 76
Lecture 15: ‘Information processing and credibility in the age of interne’ ....................................................... 80
Lecture 16: ‘Selective attention, motivated reasoning, attitude formation and healthy living’ ....................... 86
week 7 ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
Lecture 17: ‘Beyond bias: Hostile media effect when consuming news’ ........................................................... 91
Lecture 18: ‘Correcting misinformation, striving for the (im)possible’ ............................................................. 95
, WEEK 1
LECTURE 1
In this course:
- Define, describe, and discuss important new challenges in media, the public and the individual.
- Take a theory- and evidence-based approach to address these issues.
- Focus on normative and ethical aspects of new developments/ technological possibilities.
→Media consumption is changing.
→Perspective of technologies. Positive idea about the future and glorifies the benefits, and the other clip shows
a negative image of the future (dystopian).
Surveillance = controle op persoonlijke data vanuit gezag. (surveillance capitalism) → grote bedrijven gebruiken
personal data voor commerciële doeleinden.
Dystopian = community or society that is undesirable or frightening
Utopian = a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities.
- Optimism about the future.
- Strong belief in technological developments.
- Push to invest in technological developments.
- Cultural change toward individuation and individual empowerment.
→ This phenomena isn’t new, but already occurs for ages.
- Bv stoom, kon ons helpen maar anderzijds waren de machines heel gevaarlijk voor farmers. The speed
of the trains would be life risking.
Is our relationship with (media) technology a positive one or a negative one?
, LECTURE 2 ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO PRIVACY’
Privacy = security, freedom. Many differences how privacy is perceived.
- Defined by cultures. (bv in nl kan je vaak naar binnen kijken etc)
- Uncertainty avoidance (onderzekerheid vermijden): The extent to which a society, or group relies on
social norms, rules and procedures to minimize the unpredictability of future events.
- Defined by times (nu zijn er regels over privacy, vroeger nog niet)
- Privacy is defined by individual. (Voor sommige is privacy belangrijker dan voor andere)
Three theoretical perspectives on how we can perceive privacy:
1. Political-scientific approach: privacy in interaction with others / society as a whole
Westin: privacy as a basic need
Privacy is a basic need which helps us adjust to day-today interpersonal interactions. 5 basic humans need of
maslov → part of safety.
Privacy is:
- A dynamic process (we regulate privacy so as to serve momentarty needs and role requirements)
- Non-monotonic: Meer privacy is niet per definitie beter (you can have such a thing as too little, just
enough, or not enough privacy).
Privacy is “the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what
extent information about them is communicated to others.”
Privacy has four purposes (or objectives) and four states.
- Purposes of privacy: what is privacy for?
1. Personal autonomy= realization of individual choices, personal development, and stable
relationships.
2. Emotional release= you need to be able to express your emotions when no one judges you.
3. Self-evaluation = Process and evaluate information, make/change plans, be creative. Important
to think without being controlled.
4. Limited and protected boundaries = What to shared, with whom and when.
- States of privacy: How can privacy be achieved?
1. Solitude (observation)= = No observation from others. (bv zingen in badkamer)
2. Reserve (observation)= The right to decide what to share and what not (wij kiezen er zelf voor
om cookies te accepteren)
3. Intimacy (identification)= Small group of people with a strong bond
4. Anonymity (identification)= = The right not to be identified
, 2. Psychological approach: privacy for the self (wellbeing and identity regulation)
Altman: waarom is privacy zo belangrijk voor mensen: selective control of access to self
- Irwin Altman formulated the privacy regulation theory, which aimed at understanding why individuals
alternate between states of sociality and solitude.
- Privacy is ‘a selective control of access to the self or to one’s group.
Five elements of privacy
1. Dynamic process = Individuals regulate what they (do or not) want to share differently,
depending on the situational or social context.
2. Individual vs group levels = Individuals perceive their own privacy differently form that of their
community/ family.
3. Desired vs actual level = Desired level of privacy might be lower / higher than individuals have
in a given context. (bv als informatie wordt gelekt.)
4. Non-monotonic = There is such a thing as both too much and not sufficient privacy. (Meer
privacy is niet altijd goed. In een context is er een optimale privacy te streven> meer is niet
goed) > the stranger on the train ‘Je kan beter informatie delen met iemand waarmee je geen
relatie hebt. Intimicy is niet altijd beter. Sauna voorbeeld: je wil liever met of mensen die je
heel goed kent of die je helemaal niet kent.
5. By-directional (inwards and outward) = Individuals might have different sensitivities for their
actions towards others. Bijvoorbeeld: sommige ouders doen gelijk de deur open van hun
kinderen hun kamers, andere kloppen eerst etc.
3. Communication approach: privacy as information ownership and sharing.
Petronio: Interested in how people try to make rules in privacy boundaries. Communication privacy
management theory
- Originally known as communication boundary management
- Privacy is ‘the selective control of access to the self’
- We need to regulate boundaries we put between ourselves and others. (boundaries can be thick.)
example: if I share information, and nobody can know about it, then it would be a thick boundary. A
thin line can be if you tell information to other people and trust them to keep the information for
themselves. Control over boundaries is essential for her work.
→ How do we manage our privacy?
INHOUDSOPGAVE
WEEK 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Lecture 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Lecture 2 ‘An introduction to privacy’ ................................................................................................................. 3
Lecture 3: ‘Personalization, privacy concerns and information sharing. ............................................................ 6
WEEK 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Lecture 4 ‘Social media and online hate’ .......................................................................................................... 13
Lecture 5 ‘Social media moderation: the work In keeping communicates civil’ ............................................... 20
Lecture 6: ‘Democratic backlash of the digital revolution’ ............................................................................... 25
Week 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
Lecture 7 ‘Social media and political campaigns’ ............................................................................................. 31
Lecture 8 ‘Fake news, Conspiracy Belief and populism ..................................................................................... 42
WEEK 4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
Lecture 9 ‘Extremism, populism and (mis)information’ .................................................................................... 52
Lecture 10 ‘Social contagion on social media: How behaviors may spread across online networks ................ 57
WEEK 5 ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
Lecture 11: ‘Media literacy and digital citizenship’ .......................................................................................... 63
Lecture 12: ‘Social Technologies – benefits and applications’ .......................................................................... 69
Lecture 13: ‘Social technologies – risks and challenges’ ................................................................................... 72
WEEK 6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
Lecture 14: ‘Always on: Multitasking and performance’ .................................................................................. 76
Lecture 15: ‘Information processing and credibility in the age of interne’ ....................................................... 80
Lecture 16: ‘Selective attention, motivated reasoning, attitude formation and healthy living’ ....................... 86
week 7 ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
Lecture 17: ‘Beyond bias: Hostile media effect when consuming news’ ........................................................... 91
Lecture 18: ‘Correcting misinformation, striving for the (im)possible’ ............................................................. 95
, WEEK 1
LECTURE 1
In this course:
- Define, describe, and discuss important new challenges in media, the public and the individual.
- Take a theory- and evidence-based approach to address these issues.
- Focus on normative and ethical aspects of new developments/ technological possibilities.
→Media consumption is changing.
→Perspective of technologies. Positive idea about the future and glorifies the benefits, and the other clip shows
a negative image of the future (dystopian).
Surveillance = controle op persoonlijke data vanuit gezag. (surveillance capitalism) → grote bedrijven gebruiken
personal data voor commerciële doeleinden.
Dystopian = community or society that is undesirable or frightening
Utopian = a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities.
- Optimism about the future.
- Strong belief in technological developments.
- Push to invest in technological developments.
- Cultural change toward individuation and individual empowerment.
→ This phenomena isn’t new, but already occurs for ages.
- Bv stoom, kon ons helpen maar anderzijds waren de machines heel gevaarlijk voor farmers. The speed
of the trains would be life risking.
Is our relationship with (media) technology a positive one or a negative one?
, LECTURE 2 ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO PRIVACY’
Privacy = security, freedom. Many differences how privacy is perceived.
- Defined by cultures. (bv in nl kan je vaak naar binnen kijken etc)
- Uncertainty avoidance (onderzekerheid vermijden): The extent to which a society, or group relies on
social norms, rules and procedures to minimize the unpredictability of future events.
- Defined by times (nu zijn er regels over privacy, vroeger nog niet)
- Privacy is defined by individual. (Voor sommige is privacy belangrijker dan voor andere)
Three theoretical perspectives on how we can perceive privacy:
1. Political-scientific approach: privacy in interaction with others / society as a whole
Westin: privacy as a basic need
Privacy is a basic need which helps us adjust to day-today interpersonal interactions. 5 basic humans need of
maslov → part of safety.
Privacy is:
- A dynamic process (we regulate privacy so as to serve momentarty needs and role requirements)
- Non-monotonic: Meer privacy is niet per definitie beter (you can have such a thing as too little, just
enough, or not enough privacy).
Privacy is “the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what
extent information about them is communicated to others.”
Privacy has four purposes (or objectives) and four states.
- Purposes of privacy: what is privacy for?
1. Personal autonomy= realization of individual choices, personal development, and stable
relationships.
2. Emotional release= you need to be able to express your emotions when no one judges you.
3. Self-evaluation = Process and evaluate information, make/change plans, be creative. Important
to think without being controlled.
4. Limited and protected boundaries = What to shared, with whom and when.
- States of privacy: How can privacy be achieved?
1. Solitude (observation)= = No observation from others. (bv zingen in badkamer)
2. Reserve (observation)= The right to decide what to share and what not (wij kiezen er zelf voor
om cookies te accepteren)
3. Intimacy (identification)= Small group of people with a strong bond
4. Anonymity (identification)= = The right not to be identified
, 2. Psychological approach: privacy for the self (wellbeing and identity regulation)
Altman: waarom is privacy zo belangrijk voor mensen: selective control of access to self
- Irwin Altman formulated the privacy regulation theory, which aimed at understanding why individuals
alternate between states of sociality and solitude.
- Privacy is ‘a selective control of access to the self or to one’s group.
Five elements of privacy
1. Dynamic process = Individuals regulate what they (do or not) want to share differently,
depending on the situational or social context.
2. Individual vs group levels = Individuals perceive their own privacy differently form that of their
community/ family.
3. Desired vs actual level = Desired level of privacy might be lower / higher than individuals have
in a given context. (bv als informatie wordt gelekt.)
4. Non-monotonic = There is such a thing as both too much and not sufficient privacy. (Meer
privacy is niet altijd goed. In een context is er een optimale privacy te streven> meer is niet
goed) > the stranger on the train ‘Je kan beter informatie delen met iemand waarmee je geen
relatie hebt. Intimicy is niet altijd beter. Sauna voorbeeld: je wil liever met of mensen die je
heel goed kent of die je helemaal niet kent.
5. By-directional (inwards and outward) = Individuals might have different sensitivities for their
actions towards others. Bijvoorbeeld: sommige ouders doen gelijk de deur open van hun
kinderen hun kamers, andere kloppen eerst etc.
3. Communication approach: privacy as information ownership and sharing.
Petronio: Interested in how people try to make rules in privacy boundaries. Communication privacy
management theory
- Originally known as communication boundary management
- Privacy is ‘the selective control of access to the self’
- We need to regulate boundaries we put between ourselves and others. (boundaries can be thick.)
example: if I share information, and nobody can know about it, then it would be a thick boundary. A
thin line can be if you tell information to other people and trust them to keep the information for
themselves. Control over boundaries is essential for her work.
→ How do we manage our privacy?
