ONDERZOEKSPRACTICUM (DESIGNS)
Samenvatting door Danique Doetjes
, Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1: The nature of research 6
Some examples of educational concerns 6
Why research is of value 6
Ways of knowing 6
Types of research 7
General research types 8
Critical analysis of research 9
A brief overview of the research process 9
Chapter 2: The research problem 11
What is a research problem? 11
Research questions 11
Characteristics of good research questions 11
Chapter 5: Variables and hypotheses 12
The importance of studying relationships 12
Variables 12
Hypotheses 13
Chapter 19: Observation and interviewing 15
Observation 15
Interviewing 16
Validity and reliability in qualitative research 18
An example of qualitative research 19
Chapter 4: Ethics and Research 20
Some examples of unethical practice 20
A statement of ethical principles 20
Protecting participants from harm 20
Ensuring confidentiality of research data 20
When (if ever) is deception of subjects justified? 20
Three examples involving ethical concerns 21
Research with children 21
Regulation of research 21
Academic cheating and plagiarism 22
Chapter 6: Sampling 23
What is a sample? 23
Random sampling methods 23
Nonrandom sampling methods 24
A review of sampling methods 25
Sampling size 25
1
, External validity: generalizing from a sample 25
Chapter 7: Instrumentation 28
What are data? 28
Means of classifying data-collection instruments 28
Examples of data-collection instruments 29
Norm-referenced versus criterion-referenced instruments 31
Measurement scales 32
Preparing data for analysis 32
Chapter 8: Validity and reliability 34
The importance of valid instrumentation 34
Validity 34
Reliability 35
Chapter 9: Internal validity 38
What is internal validity? 38
Threats to internal validity 38
How can a researcher minimize these threats to internal validity? 40
Chapter 15: Correlational research 41
The nature of correlational research 41
Purposes of correlational research 41
Basic steps in correlational research 43
What do correlation coefficients tell us? 44
Threats to internal validity in correlational research 44
Evaluating threats to internal validity in correlational studies 46
An example of correlational research 46
Chapter 16: Causal-comparative research 48
What is causal-comparative research? 48
Steps involved in causal-comparative research 48
Threats to internal validity in causal-comparative research 49
Evaluation threats to internal validity in causal-comparative studies 50
Data analysis 50
Associations between categorical variables 51
An example of causal-comparative research 51
Chapter 17: Survey research 52
What is a survey? 52
Why are surveys conducted? 52
Types of surveys 52
Survey research and correlational research 52
Steps in survey research 52
2
, Nonresponse 55
Problems in the instrumentation process in survey research 56
Evaluating threats to internal validity in survey research 56
Data analysis in survey research 56
An example of survey research 56
Chapter 13: Experimental research 57
The uniqueness of experimental research 57
Essential characteristics of experimental research 57
Control of extraneous variables 58
Group designs in experimental research 58
Control of threats to internal validity: a summary 61
Evaluating the likelihood of a threat to internal validity in experimental studies 62
Control of experimental treatments 62
An example of experimental research 62
Chapter 14: Single-subject research 63
Essential characteristics of single-subject research 63
Single-subject designs 63
Threats to internal validity in single-subject research 64
An example of single-subject research 65
Chapter 18: The nature of qualitative research 66
What is qualitative research? 66
General characteristics of qualitative research 66
Philosophical assumptions underlying qualitative as opposed to quantitative research 66
Postmodernism 66
Steps in qualitative research 67
Approaches to qualitative research 67
Qualitative data analysis 69
Generalization in qualitative research 69
Internal validity in qualitative research 69
Ethics and qualitative research 69
Qualitative and quantitative research reconsidered 69
Chapter 21: Ethnographic research 70
What is ethnographic research? 70
The unique value of ethnographic research 70
Ethnographic concepts 70
Sampling in ethnographic research 71
Do ethnographic researchers use hypotheses? 71
Data collection in ethnographic research 71
Data analysis in ethnographic research 72
3
Samenvatting door Danique Doetjes
, Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1: The nature of research 6
Some examples of educational concerns 6
Why research is of value 6
Ways of knowing 6
Types of research 7
General research types 8
Critical analysis of research 9
A brief overview of the research process 9
Chapter 2: The research problem 11
What is a research problem? 11
Research questions 11
Characteristics of good research questions 11
Chapter 5: Variables and hypotheses 12
The importance of studying relationships 12
Variables 12
Hypotheses 13
Chapter 19: Observation and interviewing 15
Observation 15
Interviewing 16
Validity and reliability in qualitative research 18
An example of qualitative research 19
Chapter 4: Ethics and Research 20
Some examples of unethical practice 20
A statement of ethical principles 20
Protecting participants from harm 20
Ensuring confidentiality of research data 20
When (if ever) is deception of subjects justified? 20
Three examples involving ethical concerns 21
Research with children 21
Regulation of research 21
Academic cheating and plagiarism 22
Chapter 6: Sampling 23
What is a sample? 23
Random sampling methods 23
Nonrandom sampling methods 24
A review of sampling methods 25
Sampling size 25
1
, External validity: generalizing from a sample 25
Chapter 7: Instrumentation 28
What are data? 28
Means of classifying data-collection instruments 28
Examples of data-collection instruments 29
Norm-referenced versus criterion-referenced instruments 31
Measurement scales 32
Preparing data for analysis 32
Chapter 8: Validity and reliability 34
The importance of valid instrumentation 34
Validity 34
Reliability 35
Chapter 9: Internal validity 38
What is internal validity? 38
Threats to internal validity 38
How can a researcher minimize these threats to internal validity? 40
Chapter 15: Correlational research 41
The nature of correlational research 41
Purposes of correlational research 41
Basic steps in correlational research 43
What do correlation coefficients tell us? 44
Threats to internal validity in correlational research 44
Evaluating threats to internal validity in correlational studies 46
An example of correlational research 46
Chapter 16: Causal-comparative research 48
What is causal-comparative research? 48
Steps involved in causal-comparative research 48
Threats to internal validity in causal-comparative research 49
Evaluation threats to internal validity in causal-comparative studies 50
Data analysis 50
Associations between categorical variables 51
An example of causal-comparative research 51
Chapter 17: Survey research 52
What is a survey? 52
Why are surveys conducted? 52
Types of surveys 52
Survey research and correlational research 52
Steps in survey research 52
2
, Nonresponse 55
Problems in the instrumentation process in survey research 56
Evaluating threats to internal validity in survey research 56
Data analysis in survey research 56
An example of survey research 56
Chapter 13: Experimental research 57
The uniqueness of experimental research 57
Essential characteristics of experimental research 57
Control of extraneous variables 58
Group designs in experimental research 58
Control of threats to internal validity: a summary 61
Evaluating the likelihood of a threat to internal validity in experimental studies 62
Control of experimental treatments 62
An example of experimental research 62
Chapter 14: Single-subject research 63
Essential characteristics of single-subject research 63
Single-subject designs 63
Threats to internal validity in single-subject research 64
An example of single-subject research 65
Chapter 18: The nature of qualitative research 66
What is qualitative research? 66
General characteristics of qualitative research 66
Philosophical assumptions underlying qualitative as opposed to quantitative research 66
Postmodernism 66
Steps in qualitative research 67
Approaches to qualitative research 67
Qualitative data analysis 69
Generalization in qualitative research 69
Internal validity in qualitative research 69
Ethics and qualitative research 69
Qualitative and quantitative research reconsidered 69
Chapter 21: Ethnographic research 70
What is ethnographic research? 70
The unique value of ethnographic research 70
Ethnographic concepts 70
Sampling in ethnographic research 71
Do ethnographic researchers use hypotheses? 71
Data collection in ethnographic research 71
Data analysis in ethnographic research 72
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