Anthro 41A Final Study Guide: latest updated 2022

Anthro 41A Final Study Guide: latest updated 2022 Erotosthenes- Greek- Alexandria (276-194 BC) • Greek that was the first to argue that the world was round through Summer Solstice o The sun at noon o was at a different angle in Sirine than Alexandria • Estimated how big the Earth (only a 16% error) Claudius Ptolemy • Geography was of influential to claudius • He was known as a renaissance man • Created map that Christopher Columbus used Augustine of Hippo (St. Augustine) (354-430) • Argued that the mind is corrupted by sin and you can’t trust reason Thomas Aquinas () • Catholic church leader • Opened the door in Europe to letting science and philosophy back in. He argued faith & men are compatible Muslim scholar- Averroes (IBN RUSHD) • Influenced Thomas Aquinas • Reopened science and philosophy Charlemagne was a Frankish king (The Franks lived in France, Germany, Austria, The Netherlands) • December 25, 800 AD- Crowned by the Pope The role of the new “Holy Roman Empire” would be to protect the Pope and the Catholic Church Over time, the succession of the Emperor would be determined by a handful of nobility. Known as electors. Electors accepted gifts One very powerful, noble family in Europe who often bribed the electors was the Hapsburg family from Austria. They were a family that claimed God chose them for a special purpose. Their purpose was to prepare the world for the 2nd coming. They are collecting a lot of sacred objects 1519- Hernando Cortez left Cuba with 300 Spaniards and 200 slaves and sailed toward China • Landed in Mexico Cortez is given gifts by Aztecs- they think Cortez might be Quetzalcoatl, an old Toltec God Cortez heads toward the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (maybe 1 million people) Cortez and his men first fight against the Tlaxcalans Cortez and the Tlaxcalans quit fighting and became allies (head for the aztec capital) Cortez and his allies step at city of Cholula- Cholulans were friends with the Aztecs Cortez leads a massacre at Cholula The Defeat of the Aztecs • Aztecs refrained from attacking the Spanish for too long • European weapons were still relatively underdeveloped- Cortez only had a limited supply • Tlaxcalans eventually provided Cortez with an army of 149,000 people • The plague which killed 75% of Aztecs before Cortez returned in 1521 • Cortez and the Tlaxcalans lay siege to the Aztecs for 80 days • • About 10 years after the defeat of the Aztecs, a second empire would be attacked and taken by the SpanishThe Inca Empire • Conquered by Francisco Pizzaro, Spaniard • Europe will experience a huge influx of wealth after these conquests • This wealth coming in leads to growth of protocapitalism and the middle classes in Europe Frederick III AEIOU - Austriae est imperare orbi universo (Austria will rule the world) • He is the great grandfather of Emperor Charles. He bribed the electors to elect his son Maximilian I Constantinople would finally fall an invasion of Ottoman Turks– led by “Mehmet II” or “Mehmet the Conqueror”. Mehmet II then declares himself emperor of Rome. He claims he will be the rightful ruler of the reunited Roman Empire The Habsburg family claimed that they were the true emperors of Rome– not the Sultan. The Habsburgs claimed to be dissented from Julius Caesar (1st emperor) and Caesar Augustus (2nd emperor) and Aenas of Troy The Hapsburgs claimed only they were the true “Roman” emperors Maximilian I’s son was Philip the Handsome. He married Juana La Loca and they had a son Charles, in 1500. Astrologists predicted Charles would grow up to be a great emperor, prepare the world for Christ’s return Martin Luther was originally a Catholic priest and a monk of the Augustinian order. Luther lived in poverty like other Augustinian monks. Luther is sent to Rome- he is shocked by the lifestyle of the Pope and cardinals living in Rome. Pope Leo X was making money by selling indulgences at churches. Indulgences were supposed to prevent Catholics from being punished in purgatory. Martin Luther returned to his home in Wittenberg, Saxony (Germany) after seeing Rome. Luther's 95 Theses is his criticism of some of the current practices of the Catholic Church. He posted his criticism on his church door on October 31, 1517. Also, many people copied his 95 Theses and began publishing it all over Western Europe. With the printing press, copies of Luther’s 95 Theses were quickly spread across Europe Some of Luther's criticisms: 1. The Pope can't forgive sins– only God can 2. if the pope could forgive sins, he should do so freely 3. He was against the doctrine of trans-substantiation. He believed that the wine and bread taken during communion/mass was not transformed. 4. Luther claimed the Pope was not God’s representative, Popes are not needed. The pope responds by excommunicating Luther. Luther continues to give mass and preach. The pope orders Luther to stop preaching/writing books/giving mass. Capitalism = the middle class (bourgeoisie) gaining political power for themselves Protocapitalism = The middle classes gain economic power but no political power Blaut - Ch 4- Blaut argues that Capitalism (middle classes gaining political power) would begin to happen in Europe at the same time that the conquest of the Americas takes place. Max Weber argues that this is an unintended consequence of the Protestant Reformation. The members of the Protestant reformation, would be that many members of Europe’s middle class would take political power for themselves. In the spring in 1521, Martin Luther is ordered by the emperor to leave his home in Wittenberg and appear for trial before the Emperor and the city of worms. Luther’s trial is known as the diet of worms. Luther is accused of heresy. He refuses to recant (take back his criticism) Emperor orders Luther to return home and await his verdict. On his trip home, Luther is kidnapped by “bandits”. Duke Frederick of Saxony, an imperial elector, has Luther kidnapped and hidden in Wartburg Castle. Emperor Charles declares Luther to be an “outlaw” (kill on site) Luther stays hidden. While in hiding, he translates the Bible into German, which is another crime! Peasants’ War () - Occurs while Luther is in hiding • Lutherans (followers of Luther) start this war without Luther’s approval. Peasants in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) go to war with the nobility • 100,000 peasants are killed by nobility’s military in this first war of the protestant reformation • More wars from the Protestant Reformation would follow England – during the 1400s England was torn by civil war between the two families, both of whom claiming the right to rule England. “The War of Roses” (York– white, Lancaster- red) Henry VII was a Tudor (mix of both York and Lancaster bloodlines) and he won the war of roses and became king of England in the late 1400s. He had two sons, Prince Arthur and Prince Henry. Prince Arthur is married to a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Her name is Catherine of Aragon (sister of Juana La Loca). Prince Arthur died one year after the marriage. The Pope approves of the remarriage of the widow Catherine of Aragon to her dead husband's younger brother Henry. The wedding has to be held eight years later. After Henry VII dies, his son becomes King Henry VIII. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon have one child– Mary (AKA Bloody Mary). Henry VIII wants a son. He has taken Anne Boleyn as a mistress and she has become pregnant. Henry VIII becomes Protestant. He names himself as the head of the church of England which is no longer Catholic and is now called Anglican. He kills those loyal to the pope. Forces his people to become Protestant (Anglican). All Catholic property in England is confiscated by Henry VIII so he becomes very wealthy. Henry divorced Catherine, and marries Anne Boleyn. Anne gives birth to a girl, Elizabeth. Anne Boleyn is put to death for witchcraft and treason. Henry takes a third wife a few days later– Jane Seymour. Jane and Henry have a son – Edward. So now Henry has three children– Mary, Elizabeth, Edward. Mary is a Catholic, elizabeth/Edward R Protestant. Henry VIII dies, his son Edward becomes king at 10 years old. Edward VI died at age 15. On his deathbed, he names his Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey as the next queen of England (she was the daughter of his chief advisor). Lady Jane Grey only rules England for nine days. Edwards older sister, Mary, brings an army and takes the throne by force, killing Lady Jane Grey. Mary kills Protestants and forces England to become Catholic again (hence the nickname). She marries Philip of Spain, the son of Emperor Charles. Philip helped Mary maintain Catholicism in England. Mary died after five years of ruling England from cancer. Her younger sister, a Protestant, became Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth brings back Protestant Anglican Church and begins to persecute Catholics. While Queen Elizabeth is in power, a third religious group emerges in England- Puritans. They follow the teachings of a religious teacher known as John Calvin. Puritans want to eliminate the monarchy. Max Weber argues that modern capitalism was an accidental consequence of the Protestant Reformation. Weber argues that the collapse of the old tributary/feudal system and its replacement by a capitalist system was possible due to the new ideas and beliefs promoted during the Protestant Reformation. Weber is an “idealist”. For Weber, ideas and beliefs are what change the world. The mid to late 1500s, many Protestants began to openly challenge not just the authority of the pope, but also the authority of king and other nobility - a view that Luther had not encouraged. Emperor Charles posed a number of military conflicts against protestants because some of his own nobility had turned against Catholicism The Protestants in Charles's empire wanted religious tolerance and the freedom to not pay the pope. Charles and some of his nobility warred against each other. His protestant nobility were able to get help from the French king, Henry II King Henry II of France and the Protestant Noble and the Holy Roman Empire. War against Emperor Charles and defeat him. Leads to Treaty of Augsburg of 1555. In this treaty, France expands (takes a portion of Charles’ land) & Charles is forced to grant religious tolerance to Lutherans in his empire. John Calvin (born 1509) • More radical in his Protestant teachings than Martin Luther. Calvin was especially popular with rising middle classes. • Teaching new ideas of the time when the European middle classes were really expanding. But, both nobility and the peasants distrusted the growing middle-class. Their newly acquired fortune seem to threaten the power relations in Europe. Many people regarded their new wealth as evil! • Taught that the making of money and the charging of interest was not immoral. In fact, people served God through working hard and making money. • "The Parable of the Talents” – this is a story/parable used by Calvin to demonstrate the people who made money were pleasing to God • Calvin argued that people may rebel against "ungodly" kings and nobles. Rebellions against Catholic rulers by followers of Calvin became widespread • Calvin’s followers: o Switzerland- Swiss Calvinists o The Netherlands- Dutch Calvinists o France- Huguenots o Scotland- Presbyterians o England- Puritans  Massachusetts Colony (Plymouth Rock)- Pilgrims In France, the Huguenots actively sought to overthrow the Catholic French royal family. There were religious wars between Huguenots and Catholics in France for several decades In 1572, a marriage was arranged between the sister of the King of France– Princess Margo (Catholic) and Huguenot leader– Prince Henri of Navarre– marriage occurs in Paris in August Two days after the wedding, the Catholics began slaughtering the Huguenots in Paris as well as throughout France. "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre”. 70,000 Huguenots were slaughtered in France. Survivors flee to the Netherlands and help Dutch Calvinists against Philip II. The Netherlands ruled by Philip II of Spain, son of Emperor Charles, a Catholic Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists believe they can rebel against kings – so in 1581 the Netherlands rebel against King Philip II The Netherlands are primarily Calvinists. they decide to declare Dutch independence and have no king– the Dutch Republic. They are ruled by a body known as the “States General” an elected body. Dutch Republic is not a democracy– it's a meritocracy. Only white, male, wealthy Protestant landowners could vote. Opened the first full-time stock exchange. This is the first modern capitalist state (not a democracy) The Dutch Republic formed an alliance with Queen Elizabeth I of England. Both countries are Protestant. So, in 1588 both countries are attacked by Spain's navy– “Spanish Armada”– largest Navy in Europe. Controlled by King Philip of Spain. Half of the Spanish Armada destroyed in a freak storm. The survivors of the Armada are defeated by the Dutch and the British : Thirty Years War • Over 7 million Europeans died • • All of Western Europe was involved in this war except the British Isles War was between Protestants and Catholics • The war ended with the signing of the “Peace of Westphalia” treaties o The goal of this peace was to prevent future religious wars in Europe Some key points from this set of treaties: 1. No country had to pay taxes to the Pope 2. The Emperor now only had control over Austria (lost a lot of power) 3. The old feudal tradition of flexible boundaries was replaced by a “modern tradition” of sovereign boundaries. National boundaries are fixed 4. Each nation declared a national religion which could not be changed 5. Rulers could only practice the national religion, otherwise they must abdicate English Civil War (The Puritan Rebellion) () With the coronation of Queen Elizabeth I, England became Anglican again. Puritans wanted to abolish the British monarchy and place themselves in power. This led to the English civil war. Oliver Cromwell was a leader of the puritans. He led rebels against the British army and won. He also captured the King of England, made him a prisoner. And in 1649, Cromwell killed King Charles I of England. Oliver Cromwell rules England as “Lord Protectorate” from 1648 until his death in 1659. Cromwell rules as a type of military and religious dictator. Forces Puritanical policies on all of England Many English are happy when he dies. The son of King Charles I is brought to England and made king- “Charles II”. Charles II is very popular! King Charles II died without legitimate children. His brother, a Catholic, became King James II. Glorious Revolution of 1688 • The Protestant daughter of King James II was married to her Dutch cousin, a prominent military leader, William of Orange • William of Orange and his English wife, Princess Mary, are invited to invade England with the Dutch army • The Dutch army goes to England in 1688, the English did not fight them, instead they joined the Dutch and King James II flees England. His daughter and her husband become Queen Mary and King William of England. BUT they are brought in as constitutional monarchs! Real political power will be held by Parliament- not by kings and queens. A bill of rights is signed which states that Parliament will be elected by white, male, wealthy, Protestant Englishmen. England becomes a capitalist meritocracy in 1688.