Assignment 10.1
Pass criteria
Water- this is made up of two hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom. The two hydrogen
atoms are delta positive, and the oxygen atom is delta negative due to water being a polar
molecule which means it has a slight positive charge at one end of the molecule and a slight
negative charge at the other end of the molecule. This cause an uneven distribution
throughout the molecule and it will cause the electron to be not shared evenly. The
electrons are not shared evenly due to the electronegativity which is the tendency of an
atom to attract to a bonding pair of electrons. The electronegativity of the oxygen molecule
compare to the hydrogen molecule is higher so it will pull the electrons closer to it and this
type of attraction is called hydrogen bonding. The bonding that occur between the two-
hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom is a covalent bond.
Proteins
Proteins are large molecule made up of smaller unit which are the monomers called amino
acid which form a long chain to make the protein. There are 20 different amino acid which
are required to make a protein. Protein are used for the growth and repair of tissues.
There are four different structures of protein. It is called the primary structure, secondary
structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure.
Primary structure
, In the primary structure the amino acid are joined by a condensation reaction between two
different amino acid, the carboxyl of one amino acid and amino group of the other amino
acid. The bonding between the monomers which are between the amino acid for this
structure is called a peptide bond and now that two amino acid are joined a dipeptide
molecule is formed during the process. The peptide bonds which are formed the more the
amino acid form the chain gets bigger producing unique amino acid which are joined
together to make a polypeptide.
Secondary structure
The unique chain of amino acid which is formed in the primary structure coils to form an
alpha helix or fold to form a beta pleated sheet. The bond which hold the secondary
structure together is hydrogen bonds for this type of structure this is an attraction between
the lone pair of electrons for the oxygen and hydrogen and nitrogen which are joined
together.
For the protein structure to be alpha helix the polypeptide chain has to be coiled in a spring
shape the hydrogen bond hold them together but are not as strong as covalent they are
only 10 percent the strength of the covalent bond. On the other the structure is very strong
due to many hydrogen bonds forming.
For the protein structure to form a beta pleated sheet the long chain of amino acid which
form a polypeptide chain has to have a structure that align next to each other.
Tertiary structure
The tertiary sturcture only occur when the secondary structrue coil and folds which cause a
3 dimensional structure. Covalent bonds occur in structure which are the strongest bond
when a sulfide bridge occur between two sulfur atoms. There are also ionic bonds which are
formed between two R groups only when one has positive and the other one has negative.
The only reason why hydrogen bonds occur in tertiary structrue is when a slightly positive
hydrogen is present in the R group and there is slightly negative charge of an R group. The
protein also has hydrophobic which means the atom or the group in the amino doesn’t
dissolve in water and hydrophillic the atom or the group in the amino acid dissolves in
water.
, Quaternary structure
A quaternary structure is when the protein is made by two or more polypeptide chain. This
qunaternary structure consist of a important part that all the other structure do not have
and it is used to function the protein which is called the main functional group and are
called prosthetic groups.
Pass criteria
Water- this is made up of two hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom. The two hydrogen
atoms are delta positive, and the oxygen atom is delta negative due to water being a polar
molecule which means it has a slight positive charge at one end of the molecule and a slight
negative charge at the other end of the molecule. This cause an uneven distribution
throughout the molecule and it will cause the electron to be not shared evenly. The
electrons are not shared evenly due to the electronegativity which is the tendency of an
atom to attract to a bonding pair of electrons. The electronegativity of the oxygen molecule
compare to the hydrogen molecule is higher so it will pull the electrons closer to it and this
type of attraction is called hydrogen bonding. The bonding that occur between the two-
hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom is a covalent bond.
Proteins
Proteins are large molecule made up of smaller unit which are the monomers called amino
acid which form a long chain to make the protein. There are 20 different amino acid which
are required to make a protein. Protein are used for the growth and repair of tissues.
There are four different structures of protein. It is called the primary structure, secondary
structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure.
Primary structure
, In the primary structure the amino acid are joined by a condensation reaction between two
different amino acid, the carboxyl of one amino acid and amino group of the other amino
acid. The bonding between the monomers which are between the amino acid for this
structure is called a peptide bond and now that two amino acid are joined a dipeptide
molecule is formed during the process. The peptide bonds which are formed the more the
amino acid form the chain gets bigger producing unique amino acid which are joined
together to make a polypeptide.
Secondary structure
The unique chain of amino acid which is formed in the primary structure coils to form an
alpha helix or fold to form a beta pleated sheet. The bond which hold the secondary
structure together is hydrogen bonds for this type of structure this is an attraction between
the lone pair of electrons for the oxygen and hydrogen and nitrogen which are joined
together.
For the protein structure to be alpha helix the polypeptide chain has to be coiled in a spring
shape the hydrogen bond hold them together but are not as strong as covalent they are
only 10 percent the strength of the covalent bond. On the other the structure is very strong
due to many hydrogen bonds forming.
For the protein structure to form a beta pleated sheet the long chain of amino acid which
form a polypeptide chain has to have a structure that align next to each other.
Tertiary structure
The tertiary sturcture only occur when the secondary structrue coil and folds which cause a
3 dimensional structure. Covalent bonds occur in structure which are the strongest bond
when a sulfide bridge occur between two sulfur atoms. There are also ionic bonds which are
formed between two R groups only when one has positive and the other one has negative.
The only reason why hydrogen bonds occur in tertiary structrue is when a slightly positive
hydrogen is present in the R group and there is slightly negative charge of an R group. The
protein also has hydrophobic which means the atom or the group in the amino doesn’t
dissolve in water and hydrophillic the atom or the group in the amino acid dissolves in
water.
, Quaternary structure
A quaternary structure is when the protein is made by two or more polypeptide chain. This
qunaternary structure consist of a important part that all the other structure do not have
and it is used to function the protein which is called the main functional group and are
called prosthetic groups.
