GALEN PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
What is Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
What is Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
What phase is Pharmacokinetics
Absorption phase
Where does absorption of a drug take place
Small intestine
What affects absorption time
-Pill type
-stomach contents
-blood circulation
-pain, stress, anxiety
-route of administration
Contraindicators for medications
Grapefruit juice and antacids
what is disintegration
breakdown of oral drug into smaller particles
What is dissolution
Process of combining small drug particles with liquid to form a solution
What is drug absorption
Drug movement from GI tract into bloodstream
happens in small intestine
What is bioavailability
What is left of drug after swallowing.
PO meds will never have 100% bioavailability
Factors affecting Bioavailability
-Absorption
-first pass metabolism
-Drug form
-route of admin
-gastric mucous % motility
-changes in liver metabolism
-Administration w/ food and other drugs
What is first pass effect
drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter the portal vein and pass through the liver before
entering circulation.
PO meds only
Characteristics of ADHD
Inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, restlessness, hyperactivity, inability to complete
tasks, impulsivity
Characteristics of narcolepsy
recurrent attacks of drowsiness and sleep during daytime
unable to control sleep
falling asleep while driving, talking, eating, standing
Where does drug metablosim occur
In the the liver
What is drug metabolism
process of body chemically changing drug into a form to be excreted
, What is the half-life of a drug?
the time it takes for the drug in body to be reduced by half
What is a loading dose
Large initial dose of medication followed by small maintence dose
Where does drug excretion occur?
kidneys
Ways drug excretion takes place
Kidneys, liver (bile), feces, lungs, saliva
What is the primary effect of a drug
Why you're taking the drug (desirable response)
What is the secondary effect of a drug
Side effects (can be desirable or undesirable)
What is the therapeutic index?
ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
What is ED50?
effective dose for 50% of the population
What is TD50?
toxic dose in 50% of the population
What is the peak level of a drug?
highest blood level of a drug
What is the trough drug level?
lowest blood level of a drug
What is the onset of a drug
The amount of time it takes a drug to begin working.
When do you draw a peak for PO meds
2-3 hours after taking
When do you draw peak for IV meds
30-60 meds
What is polypharmacy?
use of multiple medications (more than 5)
S/S of infection
fever, chills, redness, swelling, fatigue, increased WBC, pus, sweats
Purpose of COX-1
Protects stomach lining and regulates blood platelets
purpose of COX-2
Triggers inflammation and pain
What does NSAIDs block
Both COX 1 and 2
4 things NSAIDs do
Reduce fever
Reduce inflammation
Reduce pain
Inhibits platelet aggregation
What is analgesic effect
Reduce pain
What is the antipyretic effect?
Reduce fever
Action of Aspirin
Anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, anticoagulant, antipyretic
Side effects/ adverse reactions of aspirin
Dizziness, drowsiness, headache, GI distress, tinnitus, thrombocytopenia
What is Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
What is Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
What phase is Pharmacokinetics
Absorption phase
Where does absorption of a drug take place
Small intestine
What affects absorption time
-Pill type
-stomach contents
-blood circulation
-pain, stress, anxiety
-route of administration
Contraindicators for medications
Grapefruit juice and antacids
what is disintegration
breakdown of oral drug into smaller particles
What is dissolution
Process of combining small drug particles with liquid to form a solution
What is drug absorption
Drug movement from GI tract into bloodstream
happens in small intestine
What is bioavailability
What is left of drug after swallowing.
PO meds will never have 100% bioavailability
Factors affecting Bioavailability
-Absorption
-first pass metabolism
-Drug form
-route of admin
-gastric mucous % motility
-changes in liver metabolism
-Administration w/ food and other drugs
What is first pass effect
drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter the portal vein and pass through the liver before
entering circulation.
PO meds only
Characteristics of ADHD
Inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, restlessness, hyperactivity, inability to complete
tasks, impulsivity
Characteristics of narcolepsy
recurrent attacks of drowsiness and sleep during daytime
unable to control sleep
falling asleep while driving, talking, eating, standing
Where does drug metablosim occur
In the the liver
What is drug metabolism
process of body chemically changing drug into a form to be excreted
, What is the half-life of a drug?
the time it takes for the drug in body to be reduced by half
What is a loading dose
Large initial dose of medication followed by small maintence dose
Where does drug excretion occur?
kidneys
Ways drug excretion takes place
Kidneys, liver (bile), feces, lungs, saliva
What is the primary effect of a drug
Why you're taking the drug (desirable response)
What is the secondary effect of a drug
Side effects (can be desirable or undesirable)
What is the therapeutic index?
ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
What is ED50?
effective dose for 50% of the population
What is TD50?
toxic dose in 50% of the population
What is the peak level of a drug?
highest blood level of a drug
What is the trough drug level?
lowest blood level of a drug
What is the onset of a drug
The amount of time it takes a drug to begin working.
When do you draw a peak for PO meds
2-3 hours after taking
When do you draw peak for IV meds
30-60 meds
What is polypharmacy?
use of multiple medications (more than 5)
S/S of infection
fever, chills, redness, swelling, fatigue, increased WBC, pus, sweats
Purpose of COX-1
Protects stomach lining and regulates blood platelets
purpose of COX-2
Triggers inflammation and pain
What does NSAIDs block
Both COX 1 and 2
4 things NSAIDs do
Reduce fever
Reduce inflammation
Reduce pain
Inhibits platelet aggregation
What is analgesic effect
Reduce pain
What is the antipyretic effect?
Reduce fever
Action of Aspirin
Anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, anticoagulant, antipyretic
Side effects/ adverse reactions of aspirin
Dizziness, drowsiness, headache, GI distress, tinnitus, thrombocytopenia
