Theories
Behavioral change Set activities to change specified behavior patterns
wheel - Motivation: automatic vs reflective
- Capability: physical vs psychological
- Opportunity: social vs physical
What needs to change (diagnosis of behavior) most suitable interventions
policy measures
Associative learning Drug cues become associated with positive feelings, because of rewarding feeling
using drug itself
Cognitive biases: attentional bias (heightened attention drug cues), approach bias
(automatic tendency to approach drug cues)
Classic conditioning Pavlov, neural stimulus becomes associated with meaningful stimulus, eventually
triggers response situations associated with engagement RB
Law of effect Thorndike, actions with beneficial effects will be repeated RB repeated
Operant conditioning Skinner, behavior changes due to consequences
- Reinforcer: positive (adding good), negative (removing bad)
- Punishment: positive (adding bad), negative (removing good)
increased risk due to rewarding consequences
Social learning Modelling
Evolutionary theory Belonging to a group to survive, status
influence
Dual taxonomy Adolescence characterized by gap between biological maturity (feeling adult) and
social maturity (seen by society), gap is filled by RB
Two types of offenders: adolescence-limited, life-course persistent
Selection effects Tendency to affiliate with similar peers homogeneity
Influence effects Tendency to peers to become more similar over time
Mutual reinforcement Bi-directional, strengthen support certain things with each other
Deviance Training; deviant talk more engagement
Self-determination Structure & autonomy-support in parenting enhances self-regulation results in
theory self-control
Drug-set-setting Zinnberg, drug + set (mindset individual) + setting (social/physical environment)
Positive reinforcement Addictive behaviours maintained because euphoric state substances
VTA releases dopamine in NAc, dopamine teaches to repeat behavior
Negative reinforcement Addictive behaviours maintained because aversive symptoms associated
withdrawal, self-medication, amygdala (gives unpleasant feeling), VTA want relief
Incentive sensitization Substances cause hypersensitivity drug (cues) VTA, wanting not liking, craving
Habit theory Voluntary, goal-directed habitual/automatic, control behavior to dorsal striatum
(habit learning/automatic processes)
Behavioral Substance use dysfunction prefrontal cortex impaired control behavior
disinhibition/
impulsivity
Unitary trend All drugs tend to follow same social pattern; less unstructured in-person interaction
hypothesis friends, media, delayed initiation (social trends)
Behavior specific Factors influence drugs use ties to persons individual choices/habits rather than
factors drug use itself use parents, cultural norms, acceptability
Cascade hypothesis Early risk factors set off chain reaction of problem that accumulate & increase
likelihood of later substance use mediation effect
Transtheoretical model Behavior changes in case of addiction due to certain stages
10 processes stimulate progress
- Cognitive strategies: increased motivation of change
- Behavioral strategies: increased self-efficacy
Behavioral change Set activities to change specified behavior patterns
wheel - Motivation: automatic vs reflective
- Capability: physical vs psychological
- Opportunity: social vs physical
What needs to change (diagnosis of behavior) most suitable interventions
policy measures
Associative learning Drug cues become associated with positive feelings, because of rewarding feeling
using drug itself
Cognitive biases: attentional bias (heightened attention drug cues), approach bias
(automatic tendency to approach drug cues)
Classic conditioning Pavlov, neural stimulus becomes associated with meaningful stimulus, eventually
triggers response situations associated with engagement RB
Law of effect Thorndike, actions with beneficial effects will be repeated RB repeated
Operant conditioning Skinner, behavior changes due to consequences
- Reinforcer: positive (adding good), negative (removing bad)
- Punishment: positive (adding bad), negative (removing good)
increased risk due to rewarding consequences
Social learning Modelling
Evolutionary theory Belonging to a group to survive, status
influence
Dual taxonomy Adolescence characterized by gap between biological maturity (feeling adult) and
social maturity (seen by society), gap is filled by RB
Two types of offenders: adolescence-limited, life-course persistent
Selection effects Tendency to affiliate with similar peers homogeneity
Influence effects Tendency to peers to become more similar over time
Mutual reinforcement Bi-directional, strengthen support certain things with each other
Deviance Training; deviant talk more engagement
Self-determination Structure & autonomy-support in parenting enhances self-regulation results in
theory self-control
Drug-set-setting Zinnberg, drug + set (mindset individual) + setting (social/physical environment)
Positive reinforcement Addictive behaviours maintained because euphoric state substances
VTA releases dopamine in NAc, dopamine teaches to repeat behavior
Negative reinforcement Addictive behaviours maintained because aversive symptoms associated
withdrawal, self-medication, amygdala (gives unpleasant feeling), VTA want relief
Incentive sensitization Substances cause hypersensitivity drug (cues) VTA, wanting not liking, craving
Habit theory Voluntary, goal-directed habitual/automatic, control behavior to dorsal striatum
(habit learning/automatic processes)
Behavioral Substance use dysfunction prefrontal cortex impaired control behavior
disinhibition/
impulsivity
Unitary trend All drugs tend to follow same social pattern; less unstructured in-person interaction
hypothesis friends, media, delayed initiation (social trends)
Behavior specific Factors influence drugs use ties to persons individual choices/habits rather than
factors drug use itself use parents, cultural norms, acceptability
Cascade hypothesis Early risk factors set off chain reaction of problem that accumulate & increase
likelihood of later substance use mediation effect
Transtheoretical model Behavior changes in case of addiction due to certain stages
10 processes stimulate progress
- Cognitive strategies: increased motivation of change
- Behavioral strategies: increased self-efficacy
