Begrippenlijst How Children Develop +
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Child Development
amygdala: an area of the brain that is involved in emotional reactions
clinical interview: a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with
the answers the interviewee provides
cognitive development: the development of thinking and reasoning
continuous development: the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
control group: the group of participants in an experimental design who are not
presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated similarly
correlation: the association between two variables
correlational designs: studies intended to indicate how two variables are
related to each other
cross-sectional design: a research method in which participants of different
ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
cumulative risk: the accumulation of disadvantages over years of development
dependent variable: a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is
affected by exposure to the independent variable
direction-of-causation problem: the concept that a correlation between two
variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other
discontinuous development: the idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
epigenetics: the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated
by the environment
experimental control: the ability of researchers to determine the specific
experiences of participants during the course of an experiment
experimental designs: a group of approaches that allow inferences about
causes and effects to be drawn
experimental group: the group of participants in an experimental design who
are presented the experience of interest
external validity: the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the
particulars of the research
,genome: each person’s complete set of hereditary information
hypotheses: testable predictions of the presence or absence of phenomena or
relations
independent variable: the experience that participants in the experimental
group receive and that those in the control group do not receive
internal validity: the degree to which effects observed within experiments can
be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
interrater reliability: the amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
longitudinal design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied twice or more over a substantial length of time
meta-analysis: a method for combining the results from independent studies to
reach conclusions based on all of them
methylation: a biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
microgenetic design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied repeatedly over a short period
naturalistic observation: examination of ongoing behavior in an environment
not controlled by the researcher
nature: our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
neurotransmitters: chemicals involved in communication among brain cells
nurture: the environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
questionnaire (vragenlijst): a method that allows researchers to gather
information from a large number of participants simultaneously by presenting
them a uniform set of printed questions
random assignment: a procedure in which each participant has an equal
chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment
reliability(betrouwbaarheid): the degree to which independent measurements
of a given behavior are consistent
scientific method: an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a
conclusion
sociocultural context: the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child’s environment
, socioeconomic status (SES): a measure of social class based on income and
education
stage theories: approaches proposing that development involves a series of
large, discontinuous, age- related phases
structured interview: a research procedure in which all participants are asked
to answer the same questions
structured observation: a method that involves presenting an identical
situation to each participant and recording the participant’s behavior
test–retest reliability: the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance
on two or more occasions
third-variable problem: the concept that a correlation between two variables
may stem from both being influenced by some third variable
validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
variables: attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age,
sex, and popularity
Chapter 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
amniotic sac (vruchtzak): a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds
and protects the fetus.
Apgar score: method for evaluating the health of the newborn immediately
following birth based on skin tone, pulse rate, facial response, arm and leg
activity, and breathing
apoptosis: genetically programmed cell death
cephalocaudal development: the pattern of growth in which areas near the
head develop earlier than areas farther from the head
colic(koliek): excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent
reason
conception: the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father
developmental resilience (ontikkelingsweerbaarheid): successful
development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental
hazards
dishabituation (ontwenning): the introduction of a new stimulus rekindles
interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus
dose–response relation: a relation in which the effect of exposure to an
element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a
fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be)
samenvattingen uit het boek vertaald
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Child Development
amygdala: an area of the brain that is involved in emotional reactions
clinical interview: a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with
the answers the interviewee provides
cognitive development: the development of thinking and reasoning
continuous development: the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
control group: the group of participants in an experimental design who are not
presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated similarly
correlation: the association between two variables
correlational designs: studies intended to indicate how two variables are
related to each other
cross-sectional design: a research method in which participants of different
ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
cumulative risk: the accumulation of disadvantages over years of development
dependent variable: a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is
affected by exposure to the independent variable
direction-of-causation problem: the concept that a correlation between two
variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other
discontinuous development: the idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
epigenetics: the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated
by the environment
experimental control: the ability of researchers to determine the specific
experiences of participants during the course of an experiment
experimental designs: a group of approaches that allow inferences about
causes and effects to be drawn
experimental group: the group of participants in an experimental design who
are presented the experience of interest
external validity: the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the
particulars of the research
,genome: each person’s complete set of hereditary information
hypotheses: testable predictions of the presence or absence of phenomena or
relations
independent variable: the experience that participants in the experimental
group receive and that those in the control group do not receive
internal validity: the degree to which effects observed within experiments can
be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
interrater reliability: the amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
longitudinal design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied twice or more over a substantial length of time
meta-analysis: a method for combining the results from independent studies to
reach conclusions based on all of them
methylation: a biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
microgenetic design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied repeatedly over a short period
naturalistic observation: examination of ongoing behavior in an environment
not controlled by the researcher
nature: our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
neurotransmitters: chemicals involved in communication among brain cells
nurture: the environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
questionnaire (vragenlijst): a method that allows researchers to gather
information from a large number of participants simultaneously by presenting
them a uniform set of printed questions
random assignment: a procedure in which each participant has an equal
chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment
reliability(betrouwbaarheid): the degree to which independent measurements
of a given behavior are consistent
scientific method: an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a
conclusion
sociocultural context: the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child’s environment
, socioeconomic status (SES): a measure of social class based on income and
education
stage theories: approaches proposing that development involves a series of
large, discontinuous, age- related phases
structured interview: a research procedure in which all participants are asked
to answer the same questions
structured observation: a method that involves presenting an identical
situation to each participant and recording the participant’s behavior
test–retest reliability: the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance
on two or more occasions
third-variable problem: the concept that a correlation between two variables
may stem from both being influenced by some third variable
validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
variables: attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age,
sex, and popularity
Chapter 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
amniotic sac (vruchtzak): a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds
and protects the fetus.
Apgar score: method for evaluating the health of the newborn immediately
following birth based on skin tone, pulse rate, facial response, arm and leg
activity, and breathing
apoptosis: genetically programmed cell death
cephalocaudal development: the pattern of growth in which areas near the
head develop earlier than areas farther from the head
colic(koliek): excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent
reason
conception: the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father
developmental resilience (ontikkelingsweerbaarheid): successful
development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental
hazards
dishabituation (ontwenning): the introduction of a new stimulus rekindles
interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus
dose–response relation: a relation in which the effect of exposure to an
element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a
fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be)
