1
NSG 3850 EXAM / ACTUAL NSG 3850 EXAM 3 PATHO II EXAM
2026/2027 TEST BANK PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM FULL REVISED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
1.
A 64-year-old patient with a long history of poorly controlled hypertension
presents with fatigue, anorexia, pruritus, nausea, and progressively decreased
urine output. Laboratory testing shows markedly elevated serum creatinine,
reduced estimated GFR, metabolic acidosis, and anemia. The provider explains
that the renal impairment has become chronic rather than representing an
isolated acute episode. Which pathophysiologic change best explains the patient's
anemia?
A. Reduced renal production of erythropoietin
B. Excessive renal production of erythropoietin
C. Increased intestinal absorption of iron
D. Increased destruction of circulating platelets
Answer: A
2.
A patient develops severe vomiting and diarrhea for several days and becomes
profoundly hypotensive. Shortly afterward, the patient develops oliguria and rising
serum creatinine. The healthcare team suspects acute kidney injury related to
inadequate renal perfusion. Which category of AKI best describes this
mechanism?
A. Intrinsic renal injury
B. Postrenal obstruction
C. Prerenal injury
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: C
,2
3.
A patient develops acute tubular injury after a prolonged episode of hypotension.
Despite correction of the original hemodynamic problem, renal function remains
impaired because tubular epithelial cells have been damaged. Which mechanism
most directly accounts for this form of intrinsic kidney injury?
A. Complete obstruction of the urethra
B. Ischemic or toxic injury to renal tubular cells
C. Excessive aldosterone secretion
D. Increased glomerular filtration caused by hypertension
Answer: B
4.
A patient with nephrotic syndrome develops generalized edema involving the
lower extremities, abdomen, and periorbital tissues. Laboratory testing
demonstrates marked protein loss in the urine and decreased serum albumin.
Which pathophysiologic mechanism most directly contributes to the edema?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Reduced urinary protein loss
C. Increased serum albumin concentration
D. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure caused by hypoalbuminemia
Answer: D
5.
A young adult develops periorbital edema, hypertension, reduced urine output,
and dark smoky urine several weeks after a streptococcal throat infection.
Urinalysis demonstrates hematuria and red blood cell casts. Which mechanism
best explains the renal injury?
A. Immune-mediated injury involving glomerular structures
B. Mechanical obstruction of the ureters
,3
C. Bacterial colonization of the bladder only
D. Destruction of collecting ducts by ADH
Answer: A
6.
A patient with recurrent urinary tract infections develops fever, chills,
costovertebral-angle tenderness, and dysuria. The infection has extended from
the lower urinary tract into the renal parenchyma. Which diagnosis best fits this
presentation?
A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Acute pyelonephritis
C. Renal artery stenosis
D. Nephrolithiasis without infection
Answer: B
7.
A patient with a history of gout develops severe flank pain and hematuria. Imaging
identifies a renal calculus. The provider explains that elevated uric acid can
promote formation of certain urinary stones. Which type of stone is most
consistent with this history?
A. Struvite stone
B. Calcium oxalate stone
C. Uric acid stone
D. Cystine stone
Answer: C
8.
A patient with a large renal calculus develops sudden severe colicky flank pain
radiating toward the groin and microscopic hematuria. The pain comes in waves
as the urinary tract contracts against the obstruction. Which process most directly
produces the characteristic pain?
, 4
A. Glomerular immune-complex deposition
B. Distention and smooth-muscle spasm associated with urinary obstruction
C. Reduced erythropoietin production
D. Increased renal glucose reabsorption
Answer: B
9.
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops nausea, weakness, confusion,
pruritus, and a metallic taste. The provider explains that these manifestations are
associated with accumulation of substances normally eliminated by functioning
kidneys. Which condition best describes this systemic manifestation of advanced
renal failure?
A. Uremia
B. Glycosuria
C. Polycythemia
D. Hyperthyroidism
Answer: A
10.
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis
because the kidneys can no longer adequately excrete hydrogen ions or maintain
normal bicarbonate balance. Which respiratory response would be expected as
compensation?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Complete cessation of ventilation
C. Increased ventilation
D. Decreased respiratory rate with carbon dioxide retention
Answer: C
11.
NSG 3850 EXAM / ACTUAL NSG 3850 EXAM 3 PATHO II EXAM
2026/2027 TEST BANK PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM FULL REVISED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
1.
A 64-year-old patient with a long history of poorly controlled hypertension
presents with fatigue, anorexia, pruritus, nausea, and progressively decreased
urine output. Laboratory testing shows markedly elevated serum creatinine,
reduced estimated GFR, metabolic acidosis, and anemia. The provider explains
that the renal impairment has become chronic rather than representing an
isolated acute episode. Which pathophysiologic change best explains the patient's
anemia?
A. Reduced renal production of erythropoietin
B. Excessive renal production of erythropoietin
C. Increased intestinal absorption of iron
D. Increased destruction of circulating platelets
Answer: A
2.
A patient develops severe vomiting and diarrhea for several days and becomes
profoundly hypotensive. Shortly afterward, the patient develops oliguria and rising
serum creatinine. The healthcare team suspects acute kidney injury related to
inadequate renal perfusion. Which category of AKI best describes this
mechanism?
A. Intrinsic renal injury
B. Postrenal obstruction
C. Prerenal injury
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: C
,2
3.
A patient develops acute tubular injury after a prolonged episode of hypotension.
Despite correction of the original hemodynamic problem, renal function remains
impaired because tubular epithelial cells have been damaged. Which mechanism
most directly accounts for this form of intrinsic kidney injury?
A. Complete obstruction of the urethra
B. Ischemic or toxic injury to renal tubular cells
C. Excessive aldosterone secretion
D. Increased glomerular filtration caused by hypertension
Answer: B
4.
A patient with nephrotic syndrome develops generalized edema involving the
lower extremities, abdomen, and periorbital tissues. Laboratory testing
demonstrates marked protein loss in the urine and decreased serum albumin.
Which pathophysiologic mechanism most directly contributes to the edema?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Reduced urinary protein loss
C. Increased serum albumin concentration
D. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure caused by hypoalbuminemia
Answer: D
5.
A young adult develops periorbital edema, hypertension, reduced urine output,
and dark smoky urine several weeks after a streptococcal throat infection.
Urinalysis demonstrates hematuria and red blood cell casts. Which mechanism
best explains the renal injury?
A. Immune-mediated injury involving glomerular structures
B. Mechanical obstruction of the ureters
,3
C. Bacterial colonization of the bladder only
D. Destruction of collecting ducts by ADH
Answer: A
6.
A patient with recurrent urinary tract infections develops fever, chills,
costovertebral-angle tenderness, and dysuria. The infection has extended from
the lower urinary tract into the renal parenchyma. Which diagnosis best fits this
presentation?
A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Acute pyelonephritis
C. Renal artery stenosis
D. Nephrolithiasis without infection
Answer: B
7.
A patient with a history of gout develops severe flank pain and hematuria. Imaging
identifies a renal calculus. The provider explains that elevated uric acid can
promote formation of certain urinary stones. Which type of stone is most
consistent with this history?
A. Struvite stone
B. Calcium oxalate stone
C. Uric acid stone
D. Cystine stone
Answer: C
8.
A patient with a large renal calculus develops sudden severe colicky flank pain
radiating toward the groin and microscopic hematuria. The pain comes in waves
as the urinary tract contracts against the obstruction. Which process most directly
produces the characteristic pain?
, 4
A. Glomerular immune-complex deposition
B. Distention and smooth-muscle spasm associated with urinary obstruction
C. Reduced erythropoietin production
D. Increased renal glucose reabsorption
Answer: B
9.
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops nausea, weakness, confusion,
pruritus, and a metallic taste. The provider explains that these manifestations are
associated with accumulation of substances normally eliminated by functioning
kidneys. Which condition best describes this systemic manifestation of advanced
renal failure?
A. Uremia
B. Glycosuria
C. Polycythemia
D. Hyperthyroidism
Answer: A
10.
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis
because the kidneys can no longer adequately excrete hydrogen ions or maintain
normal bicarbonate balance. Which respiratory response would be expected as
compensation?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Complete cessation of ventilation
C. Increased ventilation
D. Decreased respiratory rate with carbon dioxide retention
Answer: C
11.
