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CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSION 2026 EDITION
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Shaping ACROSS Response Topographies
Topography (shape/form) of behavior changes during shaping
- the behaviors are still members of the SAME response class.
Examples:
Target Bx: Greeting
Across Responses: saying "hi," texting "hi," waving, etc.
Target Bx: Gum
Across Responses:
1. first lip MOVEMENT received reinforcement
2. then lip movements with SOUND
3. then saying the word "gum,"
4. and finally, saying "Gum please."
Cumulative Record
Add to data each time on the graph. It never goes down.
*Think: The steeper the slope, the higher the response rate
,Trials-to-Criterion
The number of consecutive opportunities to respond required to
achieve a performance standard.
Use to:
- Compare the efficiency between two treatments/methods
- Assess the clients competence in acquiring OTHER concepts
DOES NOT: Report the proportion of total correct responses
If a measurement is not VALID then...
- The level of accuracy does not matter
- The data should not be trusted
- AND the results may or may not be reliable
*Think: without accuracy AND reliability, then validity is MOOT
,Measurement Artifacts
Data that gives a misleading picture of the behavior because of the way
measurement was conducted. Does not provide meaningful
representation of bx.
Causes of Measurement Artifacts:
- Discontinuous measurement
- Poorly scheduled observations
- Insensitive or limiting measurement scales
IOA:
Only measures reliability
The purpose of a choice is to:
Identify powerful reinforcers
When planning an IV, the BCBA MUST:
- Consider the unique target/replacement bx
- Environmental Variables
- Assessment Results
- Client Goals
Example and NON-Example of Technical Language
Example: We think Lilly is hitting her head to get out of eating her
veggies.
NON-Example: Lilly is using SIB as an escape function when asked to
eat her veggies.
, Self-Management Includes:
1. Self-Monitoring (collecting your data)
2. Self-Evaluation (analyzing your data)
The client must be able to ID their:
- Target bx
- Potential Reinforcers
- Understand bootleg rx
- Set appropriate criteria for consequence
The benefit of graphic display of data:
- You get immediate presentation of the data
- It aides in interpretation
- It is an effective client feedback tool
When using a token economy...
Set the expectations for initial reinforcement at LOW levels
Multiple Baseline Design
An Experimental design that begins with measurement of TWO or more
behaviors/settings/people in a baseline condition, followed by the
application of the treatment variable in one of the
behaviors/settings/people while baseline conditions remain in effect for
the OTHER behaviors/settings/people.
*Most commonly used across subjects