HOSA NUTRITION [2026] UPDATED ACTUAL Exam |
Question and Answer | DETAILED SOLUTIONS
• Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates -✓✓ energy, 4 Kilocalories, 50-60% of
daily caloric intake
• Main function & caloric intake of Lipids -✓✓ storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 %
of daily caloric intake
• Main function & caloric intake of Protein -✓✓ structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily
caloric intake
• 3 main catagories of carbohydrates -✓✓ monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
• Monosaccharide -✓✓ simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharide -✓✓ sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose
• Polysaccharide -✓✓ starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble
• Fiber is subdivided into -✓✓ soluble & insoluble
• RDA for fibers is -✓✓ 25-35 per day
• Soluble fiber -✓✓ helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels
• Insoluble fiber -✓✓ is important for colon health
• 4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism -✓✓ galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency,
lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency
• Galatosemia -✓✓ inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe
symptoms = failure to thrive
• Primary lactase deficiency -✓✓ body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset
• Lactose intolerance -✓✓ later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance,
increased antibiotic use
• Sucrase deficiency -✓✓ similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI
symptoms, early onset
, • Functions of Carbohydrates -✓✓ primary energy source for energy; balance protein &
fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control;
liver detox
• Amino acids -✓✓ the basic building blocks for proteins
• Proteins are subdivided into -✓✓ essential & nonessential
• Urea/Ammonia -✓✓ the main waste product produced by protein metabolism
• Dietary sources of protein -✓✓ complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based
• Complete & incomplete protein forms -✓✓ are based upon the range of amino acids
present
• Disorders of protein -✓✓ Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy
• 2 types of protein malnutrition -✓✓ Marasmus; Kwashiorkor disease
• Marasmus -✓✓ "starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency
• Kwashiorkor Disease -✓✓ protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake
• Functions of amino acids -✓✓ tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter
support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance
• Fats -✓✓ should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake
• Fatty acids are named based on -✓✓ number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation &
location of the first double bond
• Saturated fats -✓✓ have no double bonds
• Saturated fats come from -✓✓ animal sources
• Mono-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ have one double bond
• Poly-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ have many double bonds
• Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ come from plant sources
• 2 groups of essential fatty acids -✓✓ omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)
Question and Answer | DETAILED SOLUTIONS
• Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates -✓✓ energy, 4 Kilocalories, 50-60% of
daily caloric intake
• Main function & caloric intake of Lipids -✓✓ storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 %
of daily caloric intake
• Main function & caloric intake of Protein -✓✓ structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily
caloric intake
• 3 main catagories of carbohydrates -✓✓ monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
• Monosaccharide -✓✓ simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharide -✓✓ sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose
• Polysaccharide -✓✓ starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble
• Fiber is subdivided into -✓✓ soluble & insoluble
• RDA for fibers is -✓✓ 25-35 per day
• Soluble fiber -✓✓ helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels
• Insoluble fiber -✓✓ is important for colon health
• 4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism -✓✓ galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency,
lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency
• Galatosemia -✓✓ inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe
symptoms = failure to thrive
• Primary lactase deficiency -✓✓ body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset
• Lactose intolerance -✓✓ later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance,
increased antibiotic use
• Sucrase deficiency -✓✓ similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI
symptoms, early onset
, • Functions of Carbohydrates -✓✓ primary energy source for energy; balance protein &
fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control;
liver detox
• Amino acids -✓✓ the basic building blocks for proteins
• Proteins are subdivided into -✓✓ essential & nonessential
• Urea/Ammonia -✓✓ the main waste product produced by protein metabolism
• Dietary sources of protein -✓✓ complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based
• Complete & incomplete protein forms -✓✓ are based upon the range of amino acids
present
• Disorders of protein -✓✓ Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy
• 2 types of protein malnutrition -✓✓ Marasmus; Kwashiorkor disease
• Marasmus -✓✓ "starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency
• Kwashiorkor Disease -✓✓ protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake
• Functions of amino acids -✓✓ tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter
support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance
• Fats -✓✓ should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake
• Fatty acids are named based on -✓✓ number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation &
location of the first double bond
• Saturated fats -✓✓ have no double bonds
• Saturated fats come from -✓✓ animal sources
• Mono-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ have one double bond
• Poly-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ have many double bonds
• Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats -✓✓ come from plant sources
• 2 groups of essential fatty acids -✓✓ omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)
