190./WEEK./8./NOTES./NUTRITION./S./FLUIDS
• Nutrition./is./the./study./of./food:./how./it./affects./the./human./body./and./influences./health,./and./metabol
ism—specifically,./how./the./body./metabolizes./food./for./energy.
• Good./nutrition./is./essential./to./wellness,./and./poor./nutrition./contributes./to./disease,./so./clients./need./accurat
e,
current,./and./appropriate./nutritional./information.
• Before./you./can./give./effective./individualized./advice,./you./need./to./know./about./the./nutrients./found./in./foods.
➢ What./are./some./reliable./sources./of./nutrition./information?
• Standards./and./guides./provide./credible./nutrition./information.
• Standards./are./a./reference./for./nutrient./intake./thought./to./meet./the./nutritional./needs./of./most./h
ealthy./population./groups../They./list./nutrient./amounts./in./measurements,./such./as./grams./and./m
illigrams.
• Food./guides./are./more./practical./tools./that./you./can./use./to./educate./patients./and./families../They./specify./the
number./of./servings./of./foods./needed./daily./so./non-
professionals./can./use./them./in./making./healthful./meal./choices.
• Dietary./Reference./Intakes./(DRIs),./to./promote./the./consumption./of./healthful./nutrient./levels../For
carbohydrates./and./lipids,./the./accept-able./macronutrient./distribution./range./(AMDR)./is./used.
o The./DRIs./are./a./revision./of./the./older./Recommended./Dietary./Allowances./(RDAs)./for./vitamins
./and./minerals,./protein,./and./total./kcal./that./are./thought./to./meet./the./needs./of./about./98%./of./in
dividuals./in./a./group.
o For./vitamins./and./minerals,./the./DRI./tables./include./RDAs./and./Adequate./Intakes./(AIs)../AIs./ar
e./the./intakes./adequate./to./meet./the./needs./of./all./individuals./in./a./group.
• USDA./Dietary./Guidelines:./U.S../Department./of./Agriculture./(USDA)./developed./dietary./guidelines./for
Americans../The./guidelines./are./revised./every./5./years../Box./27-
1./presents./the./2010./guidelines./to./help./people./evaluate./their./food./habits./and./work./toward./general./i
mprovement./in./their./diet../The./guidelines./do./not./specify./daily./amounts./of./food./and./nutrients.
o The./USDA./intends./this./document./to./be./a./primary./source./of./dietary./health./information./for./nut
rition./educators,./policy./makers,./and./healthcare./providers.
o Latest./scientific./evidence./and./provides./in-formation./about./choosing./a./nutritious./diet,./maintaining
,healthy./weight,./achieving./adequate./exercise,./and./food./safety./to./avoid./food-borne./illness.
,• My./Plate./is./a./colorful,./four-part./food./guide./for./use./as./a./dietary-teaching./tool./(Fig../27-
1),./it./visually./illustrates./a./healthy./meal—
red./for./fruits,./green./for./vegetables,./orange./for./grains,./and./purple./for./protein./with./a./separate./blue.
/section./for./dairy./on./the./side.
o My./Plate./stresses./the./following./concepts./for./healthy./eating:
■ Balancing./calories./by./avoiding./oversize./portions.
■ Eating./more./healthy./food../That./means./making./h
alf./the./plate./fruit./and./vegetables./and./making./half.
/of./the./grains./whole./grains.
■ Eat./less./unhealthy./food,./for./example,./processed./a
nd./high-sodium,./high-sugar,./and./high-
fat./foods./and./snacks,./and./sugary./and./high-
caffeine./beverages.
o My./Plate./promotes./healthy./eating:./importance./
of./exercise,./choices./of./foods,./personalization,./
proportionality,./variety,./tools./for./success.
o The./Diabetes./Food./Plate,./unlike./My./Plate,./groups./foo
ds./based./on./their./carbohydrate./and./protein./conten
t../For./example,./you./will./find./the./plate./divided./into.
/three./sections,./and./the./types./of./vegetables./encour
aged./are./non-
starchy,./such./as./spinach./and./green./beans.
o The./My./Plate./for./Older./Adults./emphasizes./nutrient-
dense./foods./and./stresses./the./importance./of./fluids./by./showing./a./circle./representing./glasses./
for./fluids../It./shows./packaged./fruits./and./vegetables./in./addition./to./fresh./because./they./are./eas
ier./to./prepare./and./have./a./longer./shelf./life../This./is./important./to./consider./when./it./is./difficul
t./for./an./older./adult./to./make./frequent./trips./to./the./grocery./store../It./also./promotes./physical./
activity./with./icons./showing./active./adults.
• Nutrition./Facts./label./shown./in./Figure./27-2,./because./the./U.S../Food
and./Drug./Administration./(FDA)./requires./this./label./on./all./packaged.
/foods./sold./in./the./United./States.
o The./Nutrition./Facts./panel./contains./important./informatio
n./about./serving./size,./number./of./servings./per./package,./to
tal./calories./and./calories./from./fat./per./serving,./a./list./and./a
mounts./of./the./key./nutrients./in./the./food,./and./the./percent.
/daily./values./(%./DV)./for./the./nutrients./listed./on./the./pane
l.
o The./%./DV./identifies./the./percentage./that./a./serving./of./the./f
ood./con-
tributes./to./a./consumer’s./overall./intake./of./the./nutrient./lis
ted../Teaching./your./patients./how./to./read./these./labels./will
./help./them./to./make./wiser./dietary./choices.
➢ What./are./the./energy./nutrients?
• The./cells./and./tissues./of./the./body./depend./for./their./functioning./
on./building./blocks./called./nutrients../Any./one./food./may./contain./a./
variety./of./nutrients;./for./instance,./cheese./contains./carbohydrates
,./protein,./lipids,./sodium,./vitamins,./and./minerals.
• Metabolism./encompasses./all./the./ways./in./which./the./body./changes
and./uses./nutrients../Two./types./of./metabolic./reaction,./anabolism./an
d./catabolism,
• Anabolism./involves./the./formation./of./larger./molecules./from./smaller
ones../For./example,./if./protein./is./needed./for./tissue./repair,./amino./aci
ds./are./recombined./to./form./proteins../This./process./requires./energ
, y.
• Catabolism./involves./the./breakdown./of./larger./molecules./into./smaller
components../One./of./the./results./of./this./separation./is./the./release./o
f./energy../Enzymes./catalyze./most./metabolic./reactions,./including./m
etabolism./of./nutrients;./each./is./specific./and./catalyzes./only./one./typ
e./of./reaction.
• Nutrition./is./the./study./of./food:./how./it./affects./the./human./body./and./influences./health,./and./metabol
ism—specifically,./how./the./body./metabolizes./food./for./energy.
• Good./nutrition./is./essential./to./wellness,./and./poor./nutrition./contributes./to./disease,./so./clients./need./accurat
e,
current,./and./appropriate./nutritional./information.
• Before./you./can./give./effective./individualized./advice,./you./need./to./know./about./the./nutrients./found./in./foods.
➢ What./are./some./reliable./sources./of./nutrition./information?
• Standards./and./guides./provide./credible./nutrition./information.
• Standards./are./a./reference./for./nutrient./intake./thought./to./meet./the./nutritional./needs./of./most./h
ealthy./population./groups../They./list./nutrient./amounts./in./measurements,./such./as./grams./and./m
illigrams.
• Food./guides./are./more./practical./tools./that./you./can./use./to./educate./patients./and./families../They./specify./the
number./of./servings./of./foods./needed./daily./so./non-
professionals./can./use./them./in./making./healthful./meal./choices.
• Dietary./Reference./Intakes./(DRIs),./to./promote./the./consumption./of./healthful./nutrient./levels../For
carbohydrates./and./lipids,./the./accept-able./macronutrient./distribution./range./(AMDR)./is./used.
o The./DRIs./are./a./revision./of./the./older./Recommended./Dietary./Allowances./(RDAs)./for./vitamins
./and./minerals,./protein,./and./total./kcal./that./are./thought./to./meet./the./needs./of./about./98%./of./in
dividuals./in./a./group.
o For./vitamins./and./minerals,./the./DRI./tables./include./RDAs./and./Adequate./Intakes./(AIs)../AIs./ar
e./the./intakes./adequate./to./meet./the./needs./of./all./individuals./in./a./group.
• USDA./Dietary./Guidelines:./U.S../Department./of./Agriculture./(USDA)./developed./dietary./guidelines./for
Americans../The./guidelines./are./revised./every./5./years../Box./27-
1./presents./the./2010./guidelines./to./help./people./evaluate./their./food./habits./and./work./toward./general./i
mprovement./in./their./diet../The./guidelines./do./not./specify./daily./amounts./of./food./and./nutrients.
o The./USDA./intends./this./document./to./be./a./primary./source./of./dietary./health./information./for./nut
rition./educators,./policy./makers,./and./healthcare./providers.
o Latest./scientific./evidence./and./provides./in-formation./about./choosing./a./nutritious./diet,./maintaining
,healthy./weight,./achieving./adequate./exercise,./and./food./safety./to./avoid./food-borne./illness.
,• My./Plate./is./a./colorful,./four-part./food./guide./for./use./as./a./dietary-teaching./tool./(Fig../27-
1),./it./visually./illustrates./a./healthy./meal—
red./for./fruits,./green./for./vegetables,./orange./for./grains,./and./purple./for./protein./with./a./separate./blue.
/section./for./dairy./on./the./side.
o My./Plate./stresses./the./following./concepts./for./healthy./eating:
■ Balancing./calories./by./avoiding./oversize./portions.
■ Eating./more./healthy./food../That./means./making./h
alf./the./plate./fruit./and./vegetables./and./making./half.
/of./the./grains./whole./grains.
■ Eat./less./unhealthy./food,./for./example,./processed./a
nd./high-sodium,./high-sugar,./and./high-
fat./foods./and./snacks,./and./sugary./and./high-
caffeine./beverages.
o My./Plate./promotes./healthy./eating:./importance./
of./exercise,./choices./of./foods,./personalization,./
proportionality,./variety,./tools./for./success.
o The./Diabetes./Food./Plate,./unlike./My./Plate,./groups./foo
ds./based./on./their./carbohydrate./and./protein./conten
t../For./example,./you./will./find./the./plate./divided./into.
/three./sections,./and./the./types./of./vegetables./encour
aged./are./non-
starchy,./such./as./spinach./and./green./beans.
o The./My./Plate./for./Older./Adults./emphasizes./nutrient-
dense./foods./and./stresses./the./importance./of./fluids./by./showing./a./circle./representing./glasses./
for./fluids../It./shows./packaged./fruits./and./vegetables./in./addition./to./fresh./because./they./are./eas
ier./to./prepare./and./have./a./longer./shelf./life../This./is./important./to./consider./when./it./is./difficul
t./for./an./older./adult./to./make./frequent./trips./to./the./grocery./store../It./also./promotes./physical./
activity./with./icons./showing./active./adults.
• Nutrition./Facts./label./shown./in./Figure./27-2,./because./the./U.S../Food
and./Drug./Administration./(FDA)./requires./this./label./on./all./packaged.
/foods./sold./in./the./United./States.
o The./Nutrition./Facts./panel./contains./important./informatio
n./about./serving./size,./number./of./servings./per./package,./to
tal./calories./and./calories./from./fat./per./serving,./a./list./and./a
mounts./of./the./key./nutrients./in./the./food,./and./the./percent.
/daily./values./(%./DV)./for./the./nutrients./listed./on./the./pane
l.
o The./%./DV./identifies./the./percentage./that./a./serving./of./the./f
ood./con-
tributes./to./a./consumer’s./overall./intake./of./the./nutrient./lis
ted../Teaching./your./patients./how./to./read./these./labels./will
./help./them./to./make./wiser./dietary./choices.
➢ What./are./the./energy./nutrients?
• The./cells./and./tissues./of./the./body./depend./for./their./functioning./
on./building./blocks./called./nutrients../Any./one./food./may./contain./a./
variety./of./nutrients;./for./instance,./cheese./contains./carbohydrates
,./protein,./lipids,./sodium,./vitamins,./and./minerals.
• Metabolism./encompasses./all./the./ways./in./which./the./body./changes
and./uses./nutrients../Two./types./of./metabolic./reaction,./anabolism./an
d./catabolism,
• Anabolism./involves./the./formation./of./larger./molecules./from./smaller
ones../For./example,./if./protein./is./needed./for./tissue./repair,./amino./aci
ds./are./recombined./to./form./proteins../This./process./requires./energ
, y.
• Catabolism./involves./the./breakdown./of./larger./molecules./into./smaller
components../One./of./the./results./of./this./separation./is./the./release./o
f./energy../Enzymes./catalyze./most./metabolic./reactions,./including./m
etabolism./of./nutrients;./each./is./specific./and./catalyzes./only./one./typ
e./of./reaction.
