NR 283 Exam 1 Study Guide || 100% Valid Solutions.
What is hyponatremia? correct answers low sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hyponatremia? correct answers -losses from excessive sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea
-use of certain diuretic drugs combined w/ low-salt diet
- hormonal imbalances (insufficient aldosterone, adrenal insufficiency, excess ADH secretion)
-diuresis (excessive production of urine)
-excessive water intake
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? correct answers -lethargy
-headache
-confusion
-apprehension
-seizures
-coma
What is hypernatremia? correct answers high sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hypernatremia? correct answers caused by imbalance of sodium + water
from:
-insufficient ADH (diabetes insipidus)
-loss of thirst mechanism
-watery diarrhea
-prolonged periods of rapid respirations
-ingestion of large amounts of sodium w/o enough water
,What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? correct answers "MODEL"
M- medications, meals (too much sodium)
O- osmotic diuretics
D- diabetes insipidus
E- Excessive H2O loss
L- Low H2O intake
What is hypokalemia? correct answers A low serum potassium level
What are the causes of hypokalemia? correct answers -excessive losses caused by diarrhea
-diuresis associated w/ some diuretic drugs
-excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids (ex: Cushing's syndrome)
-decreased dietary intake (may occur w/ alcoholism, eating disorders, + starvation)
-treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis w/ insulin
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? correct answers "A SIC WALT"
A- alkalosis
S- shallow respirations
I- irritability
C- confusion, drowsiness
W- weakness, fatigue
A- arrhythmias (irregular tate, tachycardia)
L- Lethargy
T- thready pulse
*decreased intestinal motility (nausea, vomiting)
, What is hyperkalemia? correct answers high potassium
What are the causes of hyperkalemia? correct answers -Renal failure
-Deficit of aldosterone
-"Potassium-sparing" diuretics (prevents K+ from being excreted in adequate amounts)
-Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids (seen in pts. w/ extensive tissue
damage)
-Displacement of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? correct answers -muscle twitches--
>cramps-->paresthesia
-irritability + anxiety
-EKG changes
-dysrhythmias (irregular rhythm)
-abdominal cramping
-diarrhea
What is hypocalcemia? correct answers low calcium levels in the blood
What are the causes of hypocalcemia? correct answers -hypoparathyroidism (low levels of PTH)
-malabsorption syndrome
-deficient serum albumin
-increased serum pH level (alkalosis)
-renal failure
What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? correct answers "CATS"
C- convulsions
What is hyponatremia? correct answers low sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hyponatremia? correct answers -losses from excessive sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea
-use of certain diuretic drugs combined w/ low-salt diet
- hormonal imbalances (insufficient aldosterone, adrenal insufficiency, excess ADH secretion)
-diuresis (excessive production of urine)
-excessive water intake
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? correct answers -lethargy
-headache
-confusion
-apprehension
-seizures
-coma
What is hypernatremia? correct answers high sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hypernatremia? correct answers caused by imbalance of sodium + water
from:
-insufficient ADH (diabetes insipidus)
-loss of thirst mechanism
-watery diarrhea
-prolonged periods of rapid respirations
-ingestion of large amounts of sodium w/o enough water
,What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? correct answers "MODEL"
M- medications, meals (too much sodium)
O- osmotic diuretics
D- diabetes insipidus
E- Excessive H2O loss
L- Low H2O intake
What is hypokalemia? correct answers A low serum potassium level
What are the causes of hypokalemia? correct answers -excessive losses caused by diarrhea
-diuresis associated w/ some diuretic drugs
-excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids (ex: Cushing's syndrome)
-decreased dietary intake (may occur w/ alcoholism, eating disorders, + starvation)
-treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis w/ insulin
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? correct answers "A SIC WALT"
A- alkalosis
S- shallow respirations
I- irritability
C- confusion, drowsiness
W- weakness, fatigue
A- arrhythmias (irregular tate, tachycardia)
L- Lethargy
T- thready pulse
*decreased intestinal motility (nausea, vomiting)
, What is hyperkalemia? correct answers high potassium
What are the causes of hyperkalemia? correct answers -Renal failure
-Deficit of aldosterone
-"Potassium-sparing" diuretics (prevents K+ from being excreted in adequate amounts)
-Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids (seen in pts. w/ extensive tissue
damage)
-Displacement of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? correct answers -muscle twitches--
>cramps-->paresthesia
-irritability + anxiety
-EKG changes
-dysrhythmias (irregular rhythm)
-abdominal cramping
-diarrhea
What is hypocalcemia? correct answers low calcium levels in the blood
What are the causes of hypocalcemia? correct answers -hypoparathyroidism (low levels of PTH)
-malabsorption syndrome
-deficient serum albumin
-increased serum pH level (alkalosis)
-renal failure
What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? correct answers "CATS"
C- convulsions
