VOLLEDIGE samenvatting Vergelijkende Biologie | KU Leuven | 2026/27

Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1 – De cel ................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Celtheorie ...................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Prokaryote cellen ............................................................................................ 9
1.3 Eukaryote cellen ........................................................................................... 10
1.4 Celkern ........................................................................................................ 10
1.5 Ribosomen ................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Endomembranair systeem ............................................................................. 10
1.7 Endoplasmatisch reticulum ........................................................................... 10
1.8 Golgi apparaat .............................................................................................. 11
1.9 Lysosomen ................................................................................................... 11
1.10 Microbodies ................................................................................................ 11
1.11 Vacuolen .................................................................................................... 11
1.12 Mitochondria .............................................................................................. 12
1.13 Chloroplasten ............................................................................................. 12
1.14 Mitochondria & chloroplasten ...................................................................... 12
1.15 Cytoskelet .................................................................................................. 13
1.16 Extracellulaire structuren ............................................................................ 13
1.17 Celbeweging ............................................................................................... 13
Hoofdstuk 2 – Celdeling.......................................................................................... 14
2.1 Celdeling bij bacteria..................................................................................... 14
2.2 Eukaryote chromosomen............................................................................... 14
2.3 Eukaryote celcyclus ...................................................................................... 14
2.4 Interfase ....................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Mitose .......................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Profase ......................................................................................................... 15
2.7 Prometafase ................................................................................................. 15
2.8 Metafase ...................................................................................................... 15
2.9 Anafase ........................................................................................................ 16
2.10 Telofase...................................................................................................... 16


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, 2.11 Cytokinese ................................................................................................. 16
2.12 Meiose ....................................................................................................... 16
2.13 Meisose I .................................................................................................... 17
2.14 Meiose II ..................................................................................................... 17
2.15 Meiose vs mitose ........................................................................................ 17
Hoofdstuk 3 – De levensboom ................................................................................ 18
3.1 Fundamentele eigenschappen van leven ........................................................ 18
3.2 Classificatie van organismen ......................................................................... 18
3.3 De hiërarchie van Linnaeus ............................................................................ 18
3.4 Limitaties van de hiërarchie ........................................................................... 19
3.5 Organismen groeperen .................................................................................. 19
Hoofdstuk 4 – Virussen ........................................................................................... 19
4.1 Virussen ....................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Virale vormen ............................................................................................... 20
4.3 Virussen variëren in grootte en vorm ............................................................... 20
4.4 Virale genomen ............................................................................................. 21
4.5 Bacteriofagen – bacteriële virussen ................................................................ 21
4.6 Ziekten veroorzaakt door virussen .................................................................. 22
4.7 Influenza virus .............................................................................................. 22
4.8 Human Immunodeficiency Virus .................................................................... 23
4.9 Behandelingen tegen HIV ............................................................................... 23
4.10 Virussen en kanker ...................................................................................... 24
4.11 Opkomende virussen .................................................................................. 24
4.12 Prions ......................................................................................................... 25
4.13 Viroids ........................................................................................................ 25
Hoofdstuk 5 – Prokaryoten ...................................................................................... 25
5.1 Prokaryoten .................................................................................................. 25
5.2 Fundamentele verschillen tussen prokaryoten en eukaryoten ..................... 25
5.3 Prokaryota: verschillen tussen Bacteria en Archaea ........................................ 26
5.4 Eerste classificatie van prokaryoten op basis van eigenschappen .................... 27
5.5 Moleculaire classificatie ................................................................................ 27
5.6 Prokaryoten celstructuur ............................................................................... 27

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, 5.7 De bacteriële celwand ................................................................................... 27
5.8 Externe lagen, structuren ............................................................................... 28
5.9 Interne structuren ......................................................................................... 28
5.10 Genetica bij prokaryoten........................................................................... 28
5.11 Transformatie ............................................................................................. 29
5.12 Transductie................................................................................................. 29
5.13 Conjugatie .................................................................................................. 30
5.14 Mutaties ..................................................................................................... 30
5.15 Metabolisme van prokaryoten ...................................................................... 30
5.16 Bacteriële ziektes bij de mens ...................................................................... 31
5.17 Voordelige prokaryoten................................................................................ 32
Hoofdstuk 6 – Eukaryota & protista .......................................................................... 33
6.1 Eukaryota – 6 supergroepen ........................................................................... 34
6.2 Protista ........................................................................................................ 34
6.3 Protista – algemene kenmerken ..................................................................... 34
6.4 Excavata ....................................................................................................... 35
6.5 Chromaveolata – alvelolaten ......................................................................... 36
6.6 Amoeba – Rhizopoda ..................................................................................... 39
6.7 Opisthokonta – Choanoflagellida ................................................................... 39
Hoofdstuk 7 – Diversiteit en evolutie van bouwplan .................................................. 40
7.1 Definitie van een dier ................................................................................ 40
7.2 Organismen groeperen .................................................................................. 40
7.3 Definitie van een dier ..................................................................................... 40
7.4 Belangrijkste kenmerken – animalia ............................................................... 40
7.5 Bijkomende kenmerken ................................................................................. 41
7.6 Gemeenschappelijke kenmerken .............................................................. 41
7.7 Variatie in lichaamsbouwplan ........................................................................ 41
7.8 Variaties in lichaamsbouw ............................................................................. 42
7.9 Traditionele classificatie van dieren................................................................ 44
7.10 Actuele classificatie van dieren .................................................................... 44
7.11 De hiërarchie van Linnaeus .......................................................................... 45
7.12 Phylum Porifera (sponzen) ........................................................................... 46

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, 7.13 Phylum cnidaria (neteldieren) ...................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 8 – Protostomen .................................................................................... 48
8.1 Phylum platyhelminthes (platwormen) ........................................................... 48
8.2 Phylum annelida (ringwormen - gelede wormen) ............................................. 50
8.3 Phylum nematoda ......................................................................................... 51
8.4 Phylum arthropoda (geleedpotigen) ................................................................ 53
8.4.3 classificatie ............................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 9 – Deuterostomen ................................................................................ 55
9.1 Phylum echinodermata (stekelhuidigen) ......................................................... 55
9.2 Phylum chordata ........................................................................................... 57
9.3 Classificatie vertebrata ................................................................................. 58
9.4 Eerste vissen ................................................................................................ 59
9.5 Echte vissen ................................................................................................. 59
9.6 Chondrichthyes of kraakbeenvissen ............................................................... 59
9.7 Beenvissen (teleostei) ................................................................................... 60
9.8 Amphibia ...................................................................................................... 61
9.9 Reptila.......................................................................................................... 62
9.10 Aves ........................................................................................................... 64
9.11 Mammalia .................................................................................................. 65
Hoofdstuk 10 – Opbouw en regulatie van het lichaam ............................................... 68
10.1 Organisatie van het vertebratenlichaam........................................................ 68
10.2 Orgaansystemen ......................................................................................... 68
10.3 Organisatie van het vertebratenlichaam........................................................ 70
10.4 Steunweefsels ............................................................................................ 70
10.5 Gewoon bindweefsel ................................................................................... 70
10.6 Speciaal bindweefsel .................................................................................. 71
10.7 Spierweefsel ............................................................................................... 71
10.8 Zenuwweefsel ............................................................................................. 72
10.9 Orgaansystemen ......................................................................................... 72
10.10 Homeostase ............................................................................................. 73
Hoofdstuk 11 – Spijsverteringsstelsel ...................................................................... 74
11.1 Terminologie ............................................................................................... 74

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