CPN COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
Answer: Viral illness caused by enterovirus (coxsackievirus A16 (most
common) enterovirus 71Most common <5Contact/dropletAssessment-
intial: fever, poor appetite, malaise, sore throat. 1-2 days later: painful ulcers
develop in the mouth. 1-2 days later: skin rash develops with red
spots/blistersIntervention- shorten nails, skin care and comfort measures,
antipyretics/analgesics/magic mouthwash, hydration
◍ Cardiac Catheterization.
Answer: Used to diagnose and treat CV conditionsContrast dye injected
through a catheter inserted in an artery or vein in the groin/neck/arm and
threaded to the heartBaseline data prior to procedureInterventions:
Immobilize affected extremity after procedure (prevent hemorrhage),
monitor dressing, monitor vitals, ensure adeq hydration post-procedure (due
to blood loss during procedure and diuretic action of some dyes used)
◍ When do you use BMI for screening?.
Answer: age 2 through adulthood
◍ Shingles Communicability.
Answer: Can transmit chicken pox from contact with shingles lesion, but
cannot "catch" shingles. (Varicella-zoster virus lying dormant in nerve
roots).
◍ Each year from 3rd to puberty rate of growth in inches..
Answer: 2.5 inches
◍ When to call HCP after a vaccine?.
, Answer: s/s of a severe adverse reactionhigh feverbehavioral changesany
concerns
◍ Causes of Alkalosis/Acidosis.
Answer: CO2 is >45- respiratory acidosis (gain acid)- resp distress or
arrestHCO3 <22- metabolic acidosis (loss of buffer base)- diarrhea, kidney
failure, DKACO2 <35- respiratory alkalosis (lose acid)-
hyperventilationHCO3 >26- metabolic alkalosis (gain base/buffer)-
vomiting
◍ Proximodistally.
Answer: from the trunk to the tips of the extremities- ex: moving arms and
legs before picking things up with fingers
◍ Cephalocaudally.
Answer: From head to toe- ex: head control, then sitting, then walking
◍ Toilet training schedule.
Answer: 18-24 mo- shows interest in toilet24 mo- bladder reaches adult
functioning (conc and sphincter control)2-3 yr- daytime dryness3-5 yr-
nighttime dryness
◍ Cognitive development.
Answer: Infant: learns through interaction with the environmentToddler:
egocentricPreschooler: thinking is non-logical, non-linear, magicalSchool
age: thinking logical, linear, concreteAdolescent: thinking is adaptable,
flexible, abstract
◍ Types of ringworm (Tinea).
Answer: capitis: lesions in the scalp; patchy, scaling with areas of
alopeciacorporis: lesions on the body; round or oval; may involve nailscruris
(jock itch): appears like corporis; pruriticpedis (athletes foot): lesions may
be fissures b/w tows or patches with vesicles
◍ 12 month old says how many words?.
Answer: 5 words
,◍ TB.
Answer: Bacterial disease affecting the lungs but can disseminate to other
sites such as brain, bone, kidneyspread through air (usually prolonged
exposure to someone with TB is req for infection to occur)Assessment-
fever, amlaise, poor appetite, weight loss, cough, night sweats, chills
(children typically asymptomatic)
◍ #1 Symptom of Intussusception.
Answer: currant-jelly stools
◍ Female puberty.
Answer: breast dev 10 yrpubic hair 11 yrheight spurt 12 yrmenarche avg 13
yrprecocious puberty 1st sign <7 white <6 AA
◍ Isotonic Dehydration.
Answer: equal Na and H2O losses with normal Na level (135-145)no
movement of water between intracellular and extracellular spacescauses:
vomiting, diarrhea, NPO status, burns
◍ NEVER GIVE WHICH MEDICATION TO CHILDREN AND WHY.
Answer: Tylenol with Codeine-codeine metabolizes in the liver and is
converted to morphine --> due to genetic difference can cause too much
morphine creation in some kids and lead to death
◍ When does a child lose the first tooth?.
Answer: 6 yearslose and replace 4 teeth per year until 12 years
◍ Hypertonic dehydration.
Answer: H2O loss > Na loss, Na>145Intracellular to extracellular movement
of water (cells shrink)causes: excessive sweating, DKA, malnutrition, DI
◍ Remicaide side effects.
Answer: chills, dizziness, fatigue, pain in chest or stomach, infection
(TB/fungus), development of rare type of cancer
◍ Asthmatics should avoid what vaccine?.
Answer: Live Nasal Influenza Vaccine - exacerbates asthma
, ◍ Ulcerative Colitis Defintion.
Answer: -less involved of the two IBD-affects two layers of bowel, colon
and rectum only
◍ Athlete Consideration with Mononucleosis.
Answer: NO contact sports until spleen healed - spleen enlarged for weeks
after symptoms subside.
◍ Hypoglycemia Intervention.
Answer: - Give fast-acting carbohydrate (1/2 cup OJ or soda) AVOID
complex carbs like candy- Give glucagon if child unconscious
◍ Normal Platelet Count.
Answer: 150,000-400,000
◍ Febrile Seizures Interventions.
Answer: - NO TREATMENT- Emotional support and reinforce the benign
nature of them
◍ When to use numeric pain scale?.
Answer: >8 yrs old
◍ Migraine Headaches Management.
Answer: During: calm, dark room, cool or hot compresses, caffeinated
beveragePrevention: stress management technique, medications and
hormones
◍ Hirschsprung disease.
Answer: Congenital abnormality (absence of ganglionic cells in distal
bowel) of dec intestinal motility resulting in mechanical obstruction of the
intestine- everything accumulates above the rectumlength of affected bowel
variesassessment: abd dist, constipation, stool streaking, ribbon like liquid
stoolsdiagnose by rectal biopsyintervention: surgical- temporary ostomy
then repair-preop: enemas, bowel irrigation with golytely, low fiber diet
thats high cal high pro, abx, stool softeners
◍ Most common form of Spina Bifida.
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
Answer: Viral illness caused by enterovirus (coxsackievirus A16 (most
common) enterovirus 71Most common <5Contact/dropletAssessment-
intial: fever, poor appetite, malaise, sore throat. 1-2 days later: painful ulcers
develop in the mouth. 1-2 days later: skin rash develops with red
spots/blistersIntervention- shorten nails, skin care and comfort measures,
antipyretics/analgesics/magic mouthwash, hydration
◍ Cardiac Catheterization.
Answer: Used to diagnose and treat CV conditionsContrast dye injected
through a catheter inserted in an artery or vein in the groin/neck/arm and
threaded to the heartBaseline data prior to procedureInterventions:
Immobilize affected extremity after procedure (prevent hemorrhage),
monitor dressing, monitor vitals, ensure adeq hydration post-procedure (due
to blood loss during procedure and diuretic action of some dyes used)
◍ When do you use BMI for screening?.
Answer: age 2 through adulthood
◍ Shingles Communicability.
Answer: Can transmit chicken pox from contact with shingles lesion, but
cannot "catch" shingles. (Varicella-zoster virus lying dormant in nerve
roots).
◍ Each year from 3rd to puberty rate of growth in inches..
Answer: 2.5 inches
◍ When to call HCP after a vaccine?.
, Answer: s/s of a severe adverse reactionhigh feverbehavioral changesany
concerns
◍ Causes of Alkalosis/Acidosis.
Answer: CO2 is >45- respiratory acidosis (gain acid)- resp distress or
arrestHCO3 <22- metabolic acidosis (loss of buffer base)- diarrhea, kidney
failure, DKACO2 <35- respiratory alkalosis (lose acid)-
hyperventilationHCO3 >26- metabolic alkalosis (gain base/buffer)-
vomiting
◍ Proximodistally.
Answer: from the trunk to the tips of the extremities- ex: moving arms and
legs before picking things up with fingers
◍ Cephalocaudally.
Answer: From head to toe- ex: head control, then sitting, then walking
◍ Toilet training schedule.
Answer: 18-24 mo- shows interest in toilet24 mo- bladder reaches adult
functioning (conc and sphincter control)2-3 yr- daytime dryness3-5 yr-
nighttime dryness
◍ Cognitive development.
Answer: Infant: learns through interaction with the environmentToddler:
egocentricPreschooler: thinking is non-logical, non-linear, magicalSchool
age: thinking logical, linear, concreteAdolescent: thinking is adaptable,
flexible, abstract
◍ Types of ringworm (Tinea).
Answer: capitis: lesions in the scalp; patchy, scaling with areas of
alopeciacorporis: lesions on the body; round or oval; may involve nailscruris
(jock itch): appears like corporis; pruriticpedis (athletes foot): lesions may
be fissures b/w tows or patches with vesicles
◍ 12 month old says how many words?.
Answer: 5 words
,◍ TB.
Answer: Bacterial disease affecting the lungs but can disseminate to other
sites such as brain, bone, kidneyspread through air (usually prolonged
exposure to someone with TB is req for infection to occur)Assessment-
fever, amlaise, poor appetite, weight loss, cough, night sweats, chills
(children typically asymptomatic)
◍ #1 Symptom of Intussusception.
Answer: currant-jelly stools
◍ Female puberty.
Answer: breast dev 10 yrpubic hair 11 yrheight spurt 12 yrmenarche avg 13
yrprecocious puberty 1st sign <7 white <6 AA
◍ Isotonic Dehydration.
Answer: equal Na and H2O losses with normal Na level (135-145)no
movement of water between intracellular and extracellular spacescauses:
vomiting, diarrhea, NPO status, burns
◍ NEVER GIVE WHICH MEDICATION TO CHILDREN AND WHY.
Answer: Tylenol with Codeine-codeine metabolizes in the liver and is
converted to morphine --> due to genetic difference can cause too much
morphine creation in some kids and lead to death
◍ When does a child lose the first tooth?.
Answer: 6 yearslose and replace 4 teeth per year until 12 years
◍ Hypertonic dehydration.
Answer: H2O loss > Na loss, Na>145Intracellular to extracellular movement
of water (cells shrink)causes: excessive sweating, DKA, malnutrition, DI
◍ Remicaide side effects.
Answer: chills, dizziness, fatigue, pain in chest or stomach, infection
(TB/fungus), development of rare type of cancer
◍ Asthmatics should avoid what vaccine?.
Answer: Live Nasal Influenza Vaccine - exacerbates asthma
, ◍ Ulcerative Colitis Defintion.
Answer: -less involved of the two IBD-affects two layers of bowel, colon
and rectum only
◍ Athlete Consideration with Mononucleosis.
Answer: NO contact sports until spleen healed - spleen enlarged for weeks
after symptoms subside.
◍ Hypoglycemia Intervention.
Answer: - Give fast-acting carbohydrate (1/2 cup OJ or soda) AVOID
complex carbs like candy- Give glucagon if child unconscious
◍ Normal Platelet Count.
Answer: 150,000-400,000
◍ Febrile Seizures Interventions.
Answer: - NO TREATMENT- Emotional support and reinforce the benign
nature of them
◍ When to use numeric pain scale?.
Answer: >8 yrs old
◍ Migraine Headaches Management.
Answer: During: calm, dark room, cool or hot compresses, caffeinated
beveragePrevention: stress management technique, medications and
hormones
◍ Hirschsprung disease.
Answer: Congenital abnormality (absence of ganglionic cells in distal
bowel) of dec intestinal motility resulting in mechanical obstruction of the
intestine- everything accumulates above the rectumlength of affected bowel
variesassessment: abd dist, constipation, stool streaking, ribbon like liquid
stoolsdiagnose by rectal biopsyintervention: surgical- temporary ostomy
then repair-preop: enemas, bowel irrigation with golytely, low fiber diet
thats high cal high pro, abx, stool softeners
◍ Most common form of Spina Bifida.
