ASM 275 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
Perimortem - (answer)injury happened near time of death (helps to reconstruct cause and manner of
death)
Antemortem - (answer)injury happened before death (used to link medical records)
Postmortem - (answer)there is no injury, the bone breakage occurred after death
(doesn't contribute to forensic analysis)
How to differentiate perimortem, antemortem, and postmortem trauma? - (answer)Antemortem
Trauma
1) hematoma forms: blood pools over surface - internal scab to help stabilize the break
2) callus formation: woven bone deposited
3) remodeling of woven bone into mature bone
- process of bone healing should be present (increase porosity/holes of bone near break, rounding of
broken edges <1 week, callus presence 6+ weeks)
- remodeling (years, can sometimes never fully heal/callus never goes away)
Perimortem Trauma
- no signs of heeling
- green bone response
1) sharp edges of fracture and lines
2) hinging - not seen in postmortem fractures
3) fracture lines
4) angled broken ends
5) hematoma staining
Postmortem Trauma
- not related to death, occurs after death
,ASM 275 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
1) do not have fracture lines
2) greenstick and hinge fractures absent
3) breaks occur at right angles to bone shaft
Blunt Force Trauma: types of objects - (answer)- blunt instruments (crowbars, baseball bats)
- car/train/airplane crashes
- abrasions of all kinds ('Road Rash')
- bites
- falls
Blunt Force Trauma:
- laceration
- contusion
- abrasion - (answer)Laceration: a tear in the skin caused by a blunt instrument
- can be distinguished from a sharp force injury because they often have contusions (strings of flesh)
Contusion: a brusie
- almost always blunt force'
- a bruise changes in color from light bluish red to dark purple, then to green, then to yellow, then to
brown. this can help you tell the difference between antemortem and perimortem trauma
- a bruise may not be immediately apparent on initial examination, but may become readily observable
some hours or days later
Abrasion: superficial scraping and/or stretching
- scraping and removal of superficial layers of skin
- road rash: body dragged along paved area
- stretching abrasion: caused by stretching of skin beyond its elastic tolerance, as is also often seen in
road accidents
, ASM 275 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
Blunt Force Trauma: radiating and concentric fractures - (answer)radiating fracture lines associated with
blunt force trauma form on the inner surface of cranial bones and travel outward towards the visible
surface of the skull
- originate from the primary impact site and often create a series of triangular wedge-shaped pieces of
bone that point toward the are of impact
concentric fractures form surrounding the primary impact site if the radiating fractures do not alleviate
the stress of energy absorption
Blunt Force Trauma: Buttressing and LeFort fractures - (answer)Buttressing
1) mid-occipital (back of skull)
2) posterior temporal (behind ear)
3) anterior temporal (behind eye)
4) mid-frontal (middle of forehead)
- force from a blow to the vault will cause fractures between these buttresses
LeFort
1) LeFort I: the paired maxilla shatters straight across, this separates the upper teeth and alveolar bone
from rest of skull, caused by a blow to the lower face
2) LeFort II: the mid face separates from the rest of the cranium, this is caused by an anterior blow to the
mid-face
3) LeFort III: this separates the face from the cranial vault, this is caused by a centrally focused blow to
the upper face
What affects damage caused by blunt force trauma? - (answer)1) Size of instrument
- the width of the area between contusions generally corresponded with the width of the weapon
- long axis (length): can sometimes be estimated from dimensions of injury
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
Perimortem - (answer)injury happened near time of death (helps to reconstruct cause and manner of
death)
Antemortem - (answer)injury happened before death (used to link medical records)
Postmortem - (answer)there is no injury, the bone breakage occurred after death
(doesn't contribute to forensic analysis)
How to differentiate perimortem, antemortem, and postmortem trauma? - (answer)Antemortem
Trauma
1) hematoma forms: blood pools over surface - internal scab to help stabilize the break
2) callus formation: woven bone deposited
3) remodeling of woven bone into mature bone
- process of bone healing should be present (increase porosity/holes of bone near break, rounding of
broken edges <1 week, callus presence 6+ weeks)
- remodeling (years, can sometimes never fully heal/callus never goes away)
Perimortem Trauma
- no signs of heeling
- green bone response
1) sharp edges of fracture and lines
2) hinging - not seen in postmortem fractures
3) fracture lines
4) angled broken ends
5) hematoma staining
Postmortem Trauma
- not related to death, occurs after death
,ASM 275 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
1) do not have fracture lines
2) greenstick and hinge fractures absent
3) breaks occur at right angles to bone shaft
Blunt Force Trauma: types of objects - (answer)- blunt instruments (crowbars, baseball bats)
- car/train/airplane crashes
- abrasions of all kinds ('Road Rash')
- bites
- falls
Blunt Force Trauma:
- laceration
- contusion
- abrasion - (answer)Laceration: a tear in the skin caused by a blunt instrument
- can be distinguished from a sharp force injury because they often have contusions (strings of flesh)
Contusion: a brusie
- almost always blunt force'
- a bruise changes in color from light bluish red to dark purple, then to green, then to yellow, then to
brown. this can help you tell the difference between antemortem and perimortem trauma
- a bruise may not be immediately apparent on initial examination, but may become readily observable
some hours or days later
Abrasion: superficial scraping and/or stretching
- scraping and removal of superficial layers of skin
- road rash: body dragged along paved area
- stretching abrasion: caused by stretching of skin beyond its elastic tolerance, as is also often seen in
road accidents
, ASM 275 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!! ALREADY GRDED A+
Blunt Force Trauma: radiating and concentric fractures - (answer)radiating fracture lines associated with
blunt force trauma form on the inner surface of cranial bones and travel outward towards the visible
surface of the skull
- originate from the primary impact site and often create a series of triangular wedge-shaped pieces of
bone that point toward the are of impact
concentric fractures form surrounding the primary impact site if the radiating fractures do not alleviate
the stress of energy absorption
Blunt Force Trauma: Buttressing and LeFort fractures - (answer)Buttressing
1) mid-occipital (back of skull)
2) posterior temporal (behind ear)
3) anterior temporal (behind eye)
4) mid-frontal (middle of forehead)
- force from a blow to the vault will cause fractures between these buttresses
LeFort
1) LeFort I: the paired maxilla shatters straight across, this separates the upper teeth and alveolar bone
from rest of skull, caused by a blow to the lower face
2) LeFort II: the mid face separates from the rest of the cranium, this is caused by an anterior blow to the
mid-face
3) LeFort III: this separates the face from the cranial vault, this is caused by a centrally focused blow to
the upper face
What affects damage caused by blunt force trauma? - (answer)1) Size of instrument
- the width of the area between contusions generally corresponded with the width of the weapon
- long axis (length): can sometimes be estimated from dimensions of injury
