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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1–10
Comprehensive Q&A Review (370+ Questions) Questions with
Answers & Rationales
Modules Included:
1. Cellular Biology, Injury, and Genetics
2. Immunity, Inflammation, and Infection
3. Hematologic System
4. Cardiovascular System
5. Pulmonary System
6. Renal, Fluid, and Electrolytes
7. Neurologic System
8. Endocrine System
9. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic System
10. Musculoskeletal, Integumentary, and Cancer
MODULE 1 – CELLULAR BIOLOGY, INJURY, AND GENETICS
Question 1
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Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to
increased workload or hormonal stimulation.
Question 2
A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus. This is an example
of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
mature cell type is replaced by another, such as Barrett
esophagus.
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Question 3
Which type of cell injury is reversible if the stressor is removed
early?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Karyolysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling is an early, reversible form of cell
injury caused by sodium and water accumulation.
Question 4
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by:
A. Pancreatic enzyme release
B. Ischemia or infarction
C. Tuberculosis infection
D. Fatty tissue trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis typically results from ischemia
in solid organs except the brain; protein denaturation preserves
tissue architecture.
Question 5
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Which form of necrosis occurs in the brain after ischemic
injury?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis because
of high lipid and hydrolytic enzyme content.
Question 6
Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is a regulated, energy-dependent process
C. Always occurs in groups of cells
D. Is always pathologic
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed, energy-requiring cell
death without inflammation.
Question 7
A patient with chronic ischemia develops a shrunken, fibrotic
kidney. This is best described as:
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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1–10
Comprehensive Q&A Review (370+ Questions) Questions with
Answers & Rationales
Modules Included:
1. Cellular Biology, Injury, and Genetics
2. Immunity, Inflammation, and Infection
3. Hematologic System
4. Cardiovascular System
5. Pulmonary System
6. Renal, Fluid, and Electrolytes
7. Neurologic System
8. Endocrine System
9. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic System
10. Musculoskeletal, Integumentary, and Cancer
MODULE 1 – CELLULAR BIOLOGY, INJURY, AND GENETICS
Question 1
1|Page
, Page |2
Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to
increased workload or hormonal stimulation.
Question 2
A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus. This is an example
of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
mature cell type is replaced by another, such as Barrett
esophagus.
2|Page
, Page |3
Question 3
Which type of cell injury is reversible if the stressor is removed
early?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Karyolysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling is an early, reversible form of cell
injury caused by sodium and water accumulation.
Question 4
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by:
A. Pancreatic enzyme release
B. Ischemia or infarction
C. Tuberculosis infection
D. Fatty tissue trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis typically results from ischemia
in solid organs except the brain; protein denaturation preserves
tissue architecture.
Question 5
3|Page
, Page |4
Which form of necrosis occurs in the brain after ischemic
injury?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis because
of high lipid and hydrolytic enzyme content.
Question 6
Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is a regulated, energy-dependent process
C. Always occurs in groups of cells
D. Is always pathologic
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed, energy-requiring cell
death without inflammation.
Question 7
A patient with chronic ischemia develops a shrunken, fibrotic
kidney. This is best described as:
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