NSG 318 FINAL | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest
Update 2026/2027
Question: HEART FAILURE
Answer:
The heart cannot pump enough blood.
Question: Left-sided HF → LUNGS
Answer:
Blood backs up into lungs
Shortness of breath
Crackles
Orthopnea
Question: Right-sided HF → REST OF BODY
Answer:
Peripheral edema
JVD
Ascites
Question: Non-drug treatment
Answer:
Limit salt
Limit saturated fat
Limit/avoid alcohol
Stop smoking
Question: DIGOXIN Uses
Answer:
Heart failure
Atrial fibrillation
Question: DIGOXIN MOA
Answer:
Digoxin makes the heart beat STRONGER but SLOWER.
↑ myocardial contractility
↑ cardiac output
↓ heart rate
↓ AV conduction
It inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase.
,Question: digoxin Therapeutic level
Answer:
0.5- 1
Question: Check the apical pulse.
Answer:
HR <60 → HOLD digoxin
Question: Digoxin toxicity
Answer:
GI → EYES → HEART → BRAIN
Anorexia
Nausea/vomiting
Diarrhea
Blurred vision
Yellow/green halos
Bradycardia
Question: LOW K⁺
Answer:
HIGH digoxin toxicity risk
Question: Hydrochlorothiazide uses
Answer:
Hypertension
Edema
Heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Ascites
Question: hydrochlorothiazide MOA
Answer:
Acts in the distal tubule.
Causes excretion of:
Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + WATER
→ ↓ blood volume → ↓ edema → ↓ BP
It also causes vasodilation.
Question: adverse effects of hydrochlorothiazide
Answer:
HYPOkalemia
, Question: when to give hydrochlorothiazide
Answer:
In the morning
→ prevents nocturia.
Question: Furosemide
Answer:
Heart failure
Acute pulmonary edema
Peripheral edema
Hypertension
Renal dysfunction
Nephrotic syndrome
Question: Furosemide MOA
Answer:
Acts mainly in the loop of Henle.
Inhibits Na⁺ and water reabsorption.
Question: furosemide adverse effect
Answer:
OTOTOXICITY
Watch for:
Tinnitus
Hearing problems
Question: Spironolactone
Answer:
This one is the OPPOSITE of loops/thiazides when it comes to potassium.
Question: ACE INHIBITORS uses
Answer:
Hypertension
Heart failure
Post-MI care
Question: ACE inhibitors moa
Answer:
Blocks conversion:
Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II
Update 2026/2027
Question: HEART FAILURE
Answer:
The heart cannot pump enough blood.
Question: Left-sided HF → LUNGS
Answer:
Blood backs up into lungs
Shortness of breath
Crackles
Orthopnea
Question: Right-sided HF → REST OF BODY
Answer:
Peripheral edema
JVD
Ascites
Question: Non-drug treatment
Answer:
Limit salt
Limit saturated fat
Limit/avoid alcohol
Stop smoking
Question: DIGOXIN Uses
Answer:
Heart failure
Atrial fibrillation
Question: DIGOXIN MOA
Answer:
Digoxin makes the heart beat STRONGER but SLOWER.
↑ myocardial contractility
↑ cardiac output
↓ heart rate
↓ AV conduction
It inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase.
,Question: digoxin Therapeutic level
Answer:
0.5- 1
Question: Check the apical pulse.
Answer:
HR <60 → HOLD digoxin
Question: Digoxin toxicity
Answer:
GI → EYES → HEART → BRAIN
Anorexia
Nausea/vomiting
Diarrhea
Blurred vision
Yellow/green halos
Bradycardia
Question: LOW K⁺
Answer:
HIGH digoxin toxicity risk
Question: Hydrochlorothiazide uses
Answer:
Hypertension
Edema
Heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Ascites
Question: hydrochlorothiazide MOA
Answer:
Acts in the distal tubule.
Causes excretion of:
Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + WATER
→ ↓ blood volume → ↓ edema → ↓ BP
It also causes vasodilation.
Question: adverse effects of hydrochlorothiazide
Answer:
HYPOkalemia
, Question: when to give hydrochlorothiazide
Answer:
In the morning
→ prevents nocturia.
Question: Furosemide
Answer:
Heart failure
Acute pulmonary edema
Peripheral edema
Hypertension
Renal dysfunction
Nephrotic syndrome
Question: Furosemide MOA
Answer:
Acts mainly in the loop of Henle.
Inhibits Na⁺ and water reabsorption.
Question: furosemide adverse effect
Answer:
OTOTOXICITY
Watch for:
Tinnitus
Hearing problems
Question: Spironolactone
Answer:
This one is the OPPOSITE of loops/thiazides when it comes to potassium.
Question: ACE INHIBITORS uses
Answer:
Hypertension
Heart failure
Post-MI care
Question: ACE inhibitors moa
Answer:
Blocks conversion:
Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II
