2025-2026
SAMENVATTING
ENERGIETECHNOLOGIE
ERIK DELARUE + HAKAN ERGUN
MERI DELBROEK
,Inhoudsopgave
Inhoudsopgave..........................................................................................................................................1
Toegepaste thermodynamica ................................................................................................................... 11
Deel 1: inleidende begrippen ................................................................................................................ 11
Basisbegrippen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Gesloten systeem:............................................................................................................................ 12
Open systeem: ................................................................................................................................. 12
Tekenconventies & eenheden............................................................................................................ 13
Toestand van een systeem en zijn werk fluïdum ................................................................................. 14
Reversibele arbeid ............................................................................................................................ 16
Thermodynamische cycli: kringprocessen ......................................................................................... 16
Eerste hoofdwet thermodynamica .................................................................................................... 17
Arbeidsfluidum ................................................................................................................................ 20
Soortelijke warmte; warmtecapaciteit ............................................................................................... 26
Wet van Joule voor ideale gassen ...................................................................................................... 27
Verband soortgelijke warmtes ideaal gas ........................................................................................... 27
Reversibele en irreversibele processen.............................................................................................. 27
Tweede hoofdwet thermodynamica .................................................................................................. 29
Deel 2: Thermodynamica ..................................................................................................................... 35
Thermodynamische cycli .................................................................................................................. 35
Kringprocessen in thermische motoren ............................................................................................. 35
Part 3: Thermodynamica (thermodynamische cycli: elektrische centrales) ............................................. 45
Carnotcyclus – inleiding.................................................................................................................... 45
Rankinecyclus .................................................................................................................................. 45
Rankinecyclus .................................................................................................................................. 51
Stroomcycli / Elektrische centrales ................................................................................................... 54
Stoomcycli / Elektrische Centrales WKK / centerale met tegendrukturbine ......................................... 57
Gasturbines – verdere toepassingen .................................................................................................. 57
Heat pumps (And airco’s / refrigerators)............................................................................................. 61
Energie- & vermogen-eenheden ............................................................................................................... 64
Energie-eenheden................................................................................................................................ 64
Vermogen-eenheden ........................................................................................................................... 65
Vermogen versus energie ..................................................................................................................... 66
Karakteristieken ................................................................................................................................... 66
Some typical orders of magnitude ........................................................................................................ 66
Thermische centrales: thermal power plants ............................................................................................ 66
Outline – Thermal power plants ............................................................................................................ 66
1
, Thermal Power Plants in global electricity supply .................................................................................. 67
Nuclear Reactors & Plants .................................................................................................................... 67
Nuclear power plants in Europe ........................................................................................................ 68
Nuclear Fission ................................................................................................................................ 68
Pressurized Water Reactors PWR ...................................................................................................... 69
Typical PWR plant............................................................................................................................. 69
Primary Circuit (e.g., 4 loops) PWR .................................................................................................... 70
Fuel assembly PWR ............................................................................................................................. 70
UO2 fuel pellets ................................................................................................................................ 70
Nuclear Energy -- William D’haeseleer .............................................................................................. 71
Example parameters Doel 4 .............................................................................................................. 72
Fossil fired thermal power plants .......................................................................................................... 72
Electricity generation in EU ............................................................................................................... 72
Modern Thermal Power Plants and CCS............................................................................................. 72
Modern Coal Fired Power Plant (CFPP) Pulverized Coal (PC) – General Scheme .................................. 73
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine Cycle .............................................................................................. 73
Review Thermal Cycles Improving efficiency of Rankine cycles .......................................................... 73
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine cycle with superheating ................................................................... 74
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine Cycle with Reheat ............................................................................ 74
PC Boilers for CFPPs Design of drum type boiler EXAMPLE .............................................................. 74
Review Thermal Cycles Supercritical Rankine Cycle .......................................................................... 75
CFPP Efficiency Improvements ......................................................................................................... 75
CFPP indicative values ..................................................................................................................... 76
Stack ............................................................................................................................................... 76
CFPP Overview of Coal Types ............................................................................................................ 76
CFPP Coal in Europe......................................................................................................................... 77
Gas Fired Power Plant Rankine Cycle ................................................................................................ 78
Gas Fired Power Plants Single/Open Cycle GT Peaker plants .............................................................. 78
Review Thermal Cycles Brayton Cycle ............................................................................................... 78
Gas-fired power plant Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) .............................................................. 79
Review Thermal Cycles CCGT ........................................................................................................... 79
CCGT Efficiency Improvements ......................................................................................................... 80
Thermal Power Plants Typical Investment Costs (CAPEX) ................................................................... 80
Thermal Power Plants Power Plant Flexibility ..................................................................................... 81
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) CO2 Capture technologies ........................................ 81
CCUS CO2 storage ............................................................................................................................ 81
Renewables ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Hydro power ........................................................................................................................................ 82
2
, Wind energy......................................................................................................................................... 84
The wind energy resource ................................................................................................................. 84
Aerodynamics .................................................................................................................................. 89
Magnitude of current wind turbines (land) ......................................................................................... 93
Wind Turbine components ................................................................................................................ 93
Efficiency ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Wind deployment in Europe .............................................................................................................. 94
Wind deployment globally ................................................................................................................ 95
Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 95
Solar Irradiance; Introduction ........................................................................................................... 95
Solar PV ........................................................................................................................................... 97
Concentrated Solar Power .............................................................................................................. 101
Solar Thermal ................................................................................................................................. 104
Geothermal Energy ......................................................................................................................... 105
The plate tectonic theory ................................................................................................................ 105
Hydrothermal system ..................................................................................................................... 105
Enhanced/engineered geothermal system (EGS) aka hot-dry-rock (hdr) ............................................ 106
Carnot machine ............................................................................................................................. 106
Dry-steam & Flash steam power plants ........................................................................................... 106
Status ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Global installed capacity ................................................................................................................ 108
Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 108
Bio-energy ..................................................................................................................................... 109
System operation and integration challenges.......................................................................................... 112
Electricity system operation ............................................................................................................... 112
Electric Power Sector ......................................................................................................................... 112
Difference cost and price – electric market ...................................................................................... 113
Dispatch for Belgium ...................................................................................................................... 114
Energy prices ..................................................................................................................................... 114
Electricity ....................................................................................................................................... 114
Technology costs ............................................................................................................................... 115
Figures for Belgium ......................................................................................................................... 116
Generation in BE............................................................................................................................. 116
Belgium offshore wind .................................................................................................................... 117
Global energy trends .......................................................................................................................... 117
Scenarios....................................................................................................................................... 117
Net Zero by 2050 – IEA .................................................................................................................... 118
EU targets ...................................................................................................................................... 118
3
, EU ETS ........................................................................................................................................... 118
Renewables in Europe........................................................................................................................ 120
European Energy Policy ...................................................................................................................... 121
Renewables ................................................................................................................................... 121
Challenges ........................................................................................................................................ 121
Low short run marginal cost ............................................................................................................ 122
Variability ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Limited predictability ...................................................................................................................... 122
Location constraints ....................................................................................................................... 123
Modularity...................................................................................................................................... 123
Non-synchronous technology ......................................................................................................... 123
Transformatoren, motoren & generatoren ............................................................................................... 125
Inleading ........................................................................................................................................... 125
Transformatoren ................................................................................................................................ 125
Inductie ......................................................................................................................................... 125
Eenfasige transformatoren .............................................................................................................. 126
Reële eenfasige transformator ........................................................................................................ 127
Eenfasige transformator ................................................................................................................. 127
Constructie .................................................................................................................................... 127
Speciale transformatoren: isolatietransformator ............................................................................. 128
Speciale transformatoren: Verliesstroom-schakelaar....................................................................... 128
Hoe werkt een inductiekookplaat? .................................................................................................. 129
Motoren & generatoren ....................................................................................................................... 129
Motoren & generatoren: Toepassingen ............................................................................................. 129
Motoren ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Inductiewet van Faraday (Lenz) Richting van het magnetisch veld..................................................... 129
Krachtwerking op een stroomvoerende geleider Geleider in een magnetisch veld ............................. 130
Elektromagnetische kracht - e.m.k. ................................................................................................. 130
Elektromagnetische krachtwerling & spanningsinductie .................................................................. 130
Energievorming .............................................................................................................................. 131
Voorbeeld: Lift ................................................................................................................................ 131
Inductiemotoren ................................................................................................................................ 131
Werkingsprincipe ........................................................................................................................... 131
Werkingsprincipe Driefasige statorwikkeling .................................................................................... 131
Draaivelden.................................................................................................................................... 132
Werkingsprincipe Kooirotor ............................................................................................................. 133
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................ 133
Vermogenbalans ............................................................................................................................ 134
4
, Bespreking van de kenplaatgegevens van een inductiemotor ........................................................... 134
Gelijkstroommotoren ......................................................................................................................... 134
Gelijkstroommotor ......................................................................................................................... 134
Werkingsprincipe Tweepolige gelijkstroommachine ......................................................................... 135
Doorsnede van een gelijkstroommachine ........................................................................................ 135
Koppel en toerental Equivalent schema van het anker...................................................................... 135
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................ 136
Gelijkstroomseriemotor Anker en veldwikkeling staan in serie ......................................................... 136
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek van een gelijkstroomseriemotor ....................................................... 136
Synchrone motoren & generatoren ..................................................................................................... 137
Waar worden synchrone machines gebruikt? ................................................................................... 137
Werkingsprincipe ........................................................................................................................... 137
Constructie van synchrone machines ............................................................................................. 137
Stator............................................................................................................................................. 137
Rotor types..................................................................................................................................... 138
Synchrone machines met permanente magneet bekrachtiging......................................................... 138
Universeelmotor............................................................................................................................. 138
E-mobility ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Overzicht elektrische voertuigen ......................................................................................................... 139
Geschiedenis: 1895-1910 ............................................................................................................... 139
Janetzy Jamais Contente................................................................................................................. 139
Geschiedenis: 1905-1925 ............................................................................................................... 139
“Nieuwe” EVs ................................................................................................................................. 139
Nissan Leaf .................................................................................................................................... 140
Renault ZOE ................................................................................................................................... 140
Tesla Model S (X) ............................................................................................................................ 141
Audi e-tron ..................................................................................................................................... 141
Battery electric Heavy Duty ............................................................................................................. 141
Elektrische Bus .............................................................................................................................. 141
Elektrisch vrachtvervoer ................................................................................................................. 142
Laadconcepten en infrastructuur “An EV is pretty interesting when it is not driving” ............................. 142
Opladen ......................................................................................................................................... 142
Laadvermogens.............................................................................................................................. 142
Inductief laden ............................................................................................................................... 143
Bombardier Primove ....................................................................................................................... 143
“afstandsangst” (range anxiety) ....................................................................................................... 143
Plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen ............................................................................................. 143
Integratie in het elektriciteitssysteem .................................................................................................. 143
5
, Vragen ........................................................................................................................................... 143
Energieverbruik .............................................................................................................................. 143
Andere emissies ............................................................................................................................. 144
Impact op het elektriciteitsnet ........................................................................................................ 144
Impact op distributie netten ............................................................................................................ 144
Niet alleen thuis laden… ................................................................................................................. 144
“Clean” fuels Alternatieven voor diesel & benzine ............................................................................... 145
“Well-to-wheel” bekijken ................................................................................................................ 145
EV vs. waterstofauto ....................................................................................................................... 145
Wat met aardgas?........................................................................................................................... 145
Andere vervoersmodi Wat kan er nog elektrisch? ................................................................................. 146
Ander Vervoer................................................................................................................................. 146
Schepen ........................................................................................................................................ 146
Elektrische schepen ....................................................................................................................... 146
Elektrische vliegtuigen .................................................................................................................... 146
Besluit: E-Mobility .......................................................................................................................... 147
Elektrische netten in het verleden en in de toekomst I ............................................................................. 147
Waarom hebben wij elektrische netten nodig? ................................................................................. 147
Evolutie van elektrische netten ........................................................................................................... 147
Het begin van elektrische netwerken ............................................................................................... 147
Elektrische netten 1910 – 1930 ....................................................................................................... 148
Meer interconnectie eist meer coördinatie ...................................................................................... 148
Netwerk visie na de tweede wereldoorlog ........................................................................................ 148
Verdere ontwikkeling van het Europese netwerk............................................................................... 149
Het europsese hoogspanningsnetwerk vandaag .............................................................................. 149
Synchrone zones in het Europese netwerk ....................................................................................... 149
Transmissie en distributie netten ........................................................................................................ 149
Transport en distributie ................................................................................................................... 149
Functie van transmissie netten ....................................................................................................... 150
Wisselstroom transmissie .............................................................................................................. 150
Het Belgische transmissie netwerk.................................................................................................. 150
Ondergrondse AC hoogspanningskabels ......................................................................................... 150
Reactief vermogen ......................................................................................................................... 151
Keuze van het spanningsniveau....................................................................................................... 151
AC onderzee kabels – voorbeelden .................................................................................................. 151
Hoogspanningslijnen vs. ondergrondse kabels ................................................................................ 152
Types van pylonen .......................................................................................................................... 152
Installatie van luchtlijnen ................................................................................................................ 152
6
, Installatie van ondergrondse kabels ................................................................................................ 152
Het Stevin project ........................................................................................................................... 153
Hoogspanning-Gelijkstroom Transmissie (HVDC) ............................................................................ 153
Voordelen en nadelen van HVDC..................................................................................................... 153
AC vs. DC: Techno-economische beslissing .................................................................................... 153
Verschillende HVDC configuraties................................................................................................... 154
Verschillende types van convertoren ............................................................................................... 154
HVDC in Europa ............................................................................................................................. 154
HVDC in Azië .................................................................................................................................. 155
Oefening: AC vs DC ........................................................................................................................ 155
Oplossingen ................................................................................................................................... 156
Distributienet elektrische energie.................................................................................................... 156
Spanningsval.................................................................................................................................. 157
Spanningsonbalans ........................................................................................................................ 157
Vrije markt – Day ahead market ....................................................................................................... 157
Vraag en aanbod............................................................................................................................. 158
Onbalans door vraag ...................................................................................................................... 158
Hernieuwbare energie en onbalans ................................................................................................. 158
Onbalans tussen vraag en aanbod .................................................................................................. 159
Markt organisatie en de taken van de netbeheerder.......................................................................... 159
Marktwerking rekening houdend met vermogen stromen .................................................................. 159
Vrije markt – Basiswetgeving ........................................................................................................... 160
Opdrachten van transmissienetbeheerders ..................................................................................... 160
Verzorgings-/Spanningskwaliteit – Power Quality.............................................................................. 160
Automatische regeling .................................................................................................................... 161
Regeling: f terug 50 Hz .................................................................................................................... 161
Organisatie van de verschillende spelers ......................................................................................... 161
Elektrische netten in het verleden en in de toekomst II ............................................................................ 162
Elektrische netten in de toekomst en de uitdagingen die voor ons liggen .............................................. 162
Globale trends ............................................................................................................................... 162
Trends in consumptie ..................................................................................................................... 162
Onshore wind in België ................................................................................................................... 163
Offshore wind................................................................................................................................. 163
Offshore wind in België ................................................................................................................... 163
Nieuwe grootschalige mogelijkheden voor PV .................................................................................. 163
PV trend in België ........................................................................................................................... 164
Investeringsnoden in netwerken ...................................................................................................... 164
Infrastructuur uitdagingen .................................................................................................................. 164
7
, Infrastructuur uitdagingen .............................................................................................................. 164
Meer investeringen in ondergrondse kabels nodig ............................................................................ 165
Is een AC/DC hybride network maar een visie? ................................................................................ 165
De rol van interconnectie en HVDC, niet alleen in Europa… .............................................................. 165
DC-overlay-netten of conversie naar DC? ........................................................................................ 166
The TenneT target grid ..................................................................................................................... 166
Duitse Netzentwicklungsplan 2023 ................................................................................................. 167
Princess Elizabeth Island ................................................................................................................ 167
Een globaal elektriciteitsnet? .......................................................................................................... 167
Technische uitdagingen ...................................................................................................................... 168
Uitdagingen voor het transmissie netwerk ....................................................................................... 168
Elektrische energie… steeds in balans ............................................................................................. 168
DC netwerk topologie, protectie strategieën en stabiliteit ................................................................. 168
Studie – North Sea offshore grid ...................................................................................................... 169
Markt eerst? ................................................................................................................................... 169
Massatraagheid en stabiliteit .......................................................................................................... 169
Waarde van snelle reserves voor steun van frequentiestabiliteit ....................................................... 169
Naar een weerkrachtige system ...................................................................................................... 170
Herconfiguratie van het systeem afhankelijk van het weer ................................................................ 170
Snelle isolatie van systeemdelen om grootschalige uitvallen te voorkomen ...................................... 170
Hoe kunnen wij weerkracht kwantificeren? ...................................................................................... 171
Distributie netten, impact van EVs................................................................................................... 171
Belang van flexibiliteit ..................................................................................................................... 171
Lokale integratie Hernieuwbare Energie........................................................................................... 171
Slimme netten: meer IT, automatisatie ............................................................................................ 172
Multi – energie systemen................................................................................................................. 172
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................. 173
Basisbegrippen Elektrische Energie-Technologie .................................................................................... 173
Herhaling: Een kleine energie – quiz .................................................................................................... 173
Inleiding – Het elektriciteitssysteem.................................................................................................... 173
Basisbegrippen – Ketens .................................................................................................................... 174
Basisgrootheden ................................................................................................................................ 174
Gelijkspanning ................................................................................................................................... 174
Gelijkspanning en -stroom ................................................................................................................. 174
Gelijkspanning – toepassingen ........................................................................................................... 175
De electrische weerstand ................................................................................................................... 175
De wet van Ohm ................................................................................................................................ 175
De spanningsval ................................................................................................................................ 175
8
, Serie- en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................... 175
Weerstand, stromen en spanningen in elektrische circuits .................................................................. 176
Wisselspanning ................................................................................................................................. 176
Frequentie – Periode .......................................................................................................................... 176
Effectieve en maximum waarde .......................................................................................................... 177
Spanning en stroom in fase ................................................................................................................ 177
Voorijlende stroom............................................................................................................................. 177
Naijlende stroom ............................................................................................................................... 177
Wisselstroomelementen .................................................................................................................... 178
Praktijkweerstanden .......................................................................................................................... 178
Inductantie ........................................................................................................................................ 178
Capacitantie – Condensatoren ........................................................................................................... 178
Elementen en faseverschuiving .......................................................................................................... 179
Elementen en faseverschuiving in realiteit (I) ....................................................................................... 180
Elementen en faseverschuiving in realiteit (II) ...................................................................................... 180
Resistieve, inductieve en capacitieve weerstand ................................................................................. 180
Voorbeeld inductief – resistieve circuit ................................................................................................ 180
Vermogen – Gelijkstroom ................................................................................................................... 181
Actief, Reactief en schijnbaar vermogen – Wisselstroom ..................................................................... 181
Vergelijking boot ................................................................................................................................ 181
Arbeidsfactor en geleiderdiameter ...................................................................................................... 181
Netbeheer ......................................................................................................................................... 182
Eenfasig vermogen DC ....................................................................................................................... 182
Eenfasig vermogen AC........................................................................................................................ 182
Driefasig AC vermogen ....................................................................................................................... 182
Driefasige systemen – Ster schakeling ................................................................................................ 183
Driefasige systemen – Driehoek schakeling ......................................................................................... 183
Driefasige systemen – Strom, spanning, vermogen .............................................................................. 183
Optimalisatie van spanning & stroom in elektrische netwerken ............................................................ 184
Grootheden: veelvouden .................................................................................................................... 184
Grootheden ....................................................................................................................................... 184
Exta informatie teksten .......................................................................................................................... 185
DEEL I – Basis thermodynamica.......................................................................................................... 185
PDF 1 – Thermodynamica: Basiswetten en eigenschappen (Hoofdstukken 1–4) ................................ 185
DEEL II – Warmtemotoren en gascycli ................................................................................................. 186
PDF 2 – Warmtemotorcycli en luchtstandaardcycli (Hoofdstuk 5) ..................................................... 186
PDF 3 – Gasturbines en gecombineerde cycli (Hoofdstuk 9) ............................................................. 186
DEEL III – Stoomcycli en energiebeheer............................................................................................... 187
9
SAMENVATTING
ENERGIETECHNOLOGIE
ERIK DELARUE + HAKAN ERGUN
MERI DELBROEK
,Inhoudsopgave
Inhoudsopgave..........................................................................................................................................1
Toegepaste thermodynamica ................................................................................................................... 11
Deel 1: inleidende begrippen ................................................................................................................ 11
Basisbegrippen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Gesloten systeem:............................................................................................................................ 12
Open systeem: ................................................................................................................................. 12
Tekenconventies & eenheden............................................................................................................ 13
Toestand van een systeem en zijn werk fluïdum ................................................................................. 14
Reversibele arbeid ............................................................................................................................ 16
Thermodynamische cycli: kringprocessen ......................................................................................... 16
Eerste hoofdwet thermodynamica .................................................................................................... 17
Arbeidsfluidum ................................................................................................................................ 20
Soortelijke warmte; warmtecapaciteit ............................................................................................... 26
Wet van Joule voor ideale gassen ...................................................................................................... 27
Verband soortgelijke warmtes ideaal gas ........................................................................................... 27
Reversibele en irreversibele processen.............................................................................................. 27
Tweede hoofdwet thermodynamica .................................................................................................. 29
Deel 2: Thermodynamica ..................................................................................................................... 35
Thermodynamische cycli .................................................................................................................. 35
Kringprocessen in thermische motoren ............................................................................................. 35
Part 3: Thermodynamica (thermodynamische cycli: elektrische centrales) ............................................. 45
Carnotcyclus – inleiding.................................................................................................................... 45
Rankinecyclus .................................................................................................................................. 45
Rankinecyclus .................................................................................................................................. 51
Stroomcycli / Elektrische centrales ................................................................................................... 54
Stoomcycli / Elektrische Centrales WKK / centerale met tegendrukturbine ......................................... 57
Gasturbines – verdere toepassingen .................................................................................................. 57
Heat pumps (And airco’s / refrigerators)............................................................................................. 61
Energie- & vermogen-eenheden ............................................................................................................... 64
Energie-eenheden................................................................................................................................ 64
Vermogen-eenheden ........................................................................................................................... 65
Vermogen versus energie ..................................................................................................................... 66
Karakteristieken ................................................................................................................................... 66
Some typical orders of magnitude ........................................................................................................ 66
Thermische centrales: thermal power plants ............................................................................................ 66
Outline – Thermal power plants ............................................................................................................ 66
1
, Thermal Power Plants in global electricity supply .................................................................................. 67
Nuclear Reactors & Plants .................................................................................................................... 67
Nuclear power plants in Europe ........................................................................................................ 68
Nuclear Fission ................................................................................................................................ 68
Pressurized Water Reactors PWR ...................................................................................................... 69
Typical PWR plant............................................................................................................................. 69
Primary Circuit (e.g., 4 loops) PWR .................................................................................................... 70
Fuel assembly PWR ............................................................................................................................. 70
UO2 fuel pellets ................................................................................................................................ 70
Nuclear Energy -- William D’haeseleer .............................................................................................. 71
Example parameters Doel 4 .............................................................................................................. 72
Fossil fired thermal power plants .......................................................................................................... 72
Electricity generation in EU ............................................................................................................... 72
Modern Thermal Power Plants and CCS............................................................................................. 72
Modern Coal Fired Power Plant (CFPP) Pulverized Coal (PC) – General Scheme .................................. 73
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine Cycle .............................................................................................. 73
Review Thermal Cycles Improving efficiency of Rankine cycles .......................................................... 73
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine cycle with superheating ................................................................... 74
Review Thermal Cycles Rankine Cycle with Reheat ............................................................................ 74
PC Boilers for CFPPs Design of drum type boiler EXAMPLE .............................................................. 74
Review Thermal Cycles Supercritical Rankine Cycle .......................................................................... 75
CFPP Efficiency Improvements ......................................................................................................... 75
CFPP indicative values ..................................................................................................................... 76
Stack ............................................................................................................................................... 76
CFPP Overview of Coal Types ............................................................................................................ 76
CFPP Coal in Europe......................................................................................................................... 77
Gas Fired Power Plant Rankine Cycle ................................................................................................ 78
Gas Fired Power Plants Single/Open Cycle GT Peaker plants .............................................................. 78
Review Thermal Cycles Brayton Cycle ............................................................................................... 78
Gas-fired power plant Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) .............................................................. 79
Review Thermal Cycles CCGT ........................................................................................................... 79
CCGT Efficiency Improvements ......................................................................................................... 80
Thermal Power Plants Typical Investment Costs (CAPEX) ................................................................... 80
Thermal Power Plants Power Plant Flexibility ..................................................................................... 81
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) CO2 Capture technologies ........................................ 81
CCUS CO2 storage ............................................................................................................................ 81
Renewables ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Hydro power ........................................................................................................................................ 82
2
, Wind energy......................................................................................................................................... 84
The wind energy resource ................................................................................................................. 84
Aerodynamics .................................................................................................................................. 89
Magnitude of current wind turbines (land) ......................................................................................... 93
Wind Turbine components ................................................................................................................ 93
Efficiency ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Wind deployment in Europe .............................................................................................................. 94
Wind deployment globally ................................................................................................................ 95
Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 95
Solar Irradiance; Introduction ........................................................................................................... 95
Solar PV ........................................................................................................................................... 97
Concentrated Solar Power .............................................................................................................. 101
Solar Thermal ................................................................................................................................. 104
Geothermal Energy ......................................................................................................................... 105
The plate tectonic theory ................................................................................................................ 105
Hydrothermal system ..................................................................................................................... 105
Enhanced/engineered geothermal system (EGS) aka hot-dry-rock (hdr) ............................................ 106
Carnot machine ............................................................................................................................. 106
Dry-steam & Flash steam power plants ........................................................................................... 106
Status ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Global installed capacity ................................................................................................................ 108
Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 108
Bio-energy ..................................................................................................................................... 109
System operation and integration challenges.......................................................................................... 112
Electricity system operation ............................................................................................................... 112
Electric Power Sector ......................................................................................................................... 112
Difference cost and price – electric market ...................................................................................... 113
Dispatch for Belgium ...................................................................................................................... 114
Energy prices ..................................................................................................................................... 114
Electricity ....................................................................................................................................... 114
Technology costs ............................................................................................................................... 115
Figures for Belgium ......................................................................................................................... 116
Generation in BE............................................................................................................................. 116
Belgium offshore wind .................................................................................................................... 117
Global energy trends .......................................................................................................................... 117
Scenarios....................................................................................................................................... 117
Net Zero by 2050 – IEA .................................................................................................................... 118
EU targets ...................................................................................................................................... 118
3
, EU ETS ........................................................................................................................................... 118
Renewables in Europe........................................................................................................................ 120
European Energy Policy ...................................................................................................................... 121
Renewables ................................................................................................................................... 121
Challenges ........................................................................................................................................ 121
Low short run marginal cost ............................................................................................................ 122
Variability ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Limited predictability ...................................................................................................................... 122
Location constraints ....................................................................................................................... 123
Modularity...................................................................................................................................... 123
Non-synchronous technology ......................................................................................................... 123
Transformatoren, motoren & generatoren ............................................................................................... 125
Inleading ........................................................................................................................................... 125
Transformatoren ................................................................................................................................ 125
Inductie ......................................................................................................................................... 125
Eenfasige transformatoren .............................................................................................................. 126
Reële eenfasige transformator ........................................................................................................ 127
Eenfasige transformator ................................................................................................................. 127
Constructie .................................................................................................................................... 127
Speciale transformatoren: isolatietransformator ............................................................................. 128
Speciale transformatoren: Verliesstroom-schakelaar....................................................................... 128
Hoe werkt een inductiekookplaat? .................................................................................................. 129
Motoren & generatoren ....................................................................................................................... 129
Motoren & generatoren: Toepassingen ............................................................................................. 129
Motoren ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Inductiewet van Faraday (Lenz) Richting van het magnetisch veld..................................................... 129
Krachtwerking op een stroomvoerende geleider Geleider in een magnetisch veld ............................. 130
Elektromagnetische kracht - e.m.k. ................................................................................................. 130
Elektromagnetische krachtwerling & spanningsinductie .................................................................. 130
Energievorming .............................................................................................................................. 131
Voorbeeld: Lift ................................................................................................................................ 131
Inductiemotoren ................................................................................................................................ 131
Werkingsprincipe ........................................................................................................................... 131
Werkingsprincipe Driefasige statorwikkeling .................................................................................... 131
Draaivelden.................................................................................................................................... 132
Werkingsprincipe Kooirotor ............................................................................................................. 133
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................ 133
Vermogenbalans ............................................................................................................................ 134
4
, Bespreking van de kenplaatgegevens van een inductiemotor ........................................................... 134
Gelijkstroommotoren ......................................................................................................................... 134
Gelijkstroommotor ......................................................................................................................... 134
Werkingsprincipe Tweepolige gelijkstroommachine ......................................................................... 135
Doorsnede van een gelijkstroommachine ........................................................................................ 135
Koppel en toerental Equivalent schema van het anker...................................................................... 135
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................ 136
Gelijkstroomseriemotor Anker en veldwikkeling staan in serie ......................................................... 136
Koppel-toerentalkarakteristiek van een gelijkstroomseriemotor ....................................................... 136
Synchrone motoren & generatoren ..................................................................................................... 137
Waar worden synchrone machines gebruikt? ................................................................................... 137
Werkingsprincipe ........................................................................................................................... 137
Constructie van synchrone machines ............................................................................................. 137
Stator............................................................................................................................................. 137
Rotor types..................................................................................................................................... 138
Synchrone machines met permanente magneet bekrachtiging......................................................... 138
Universeelmotor............................................................................................................................. 138
E-mobility ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Overzicht elektrische voertuigen ......................................................................................................... 139
Geschiedenis: 1895-1910 ............................................................................................................... 139
Janetzy Jamais Contente................................................................................................................. 139
Geschiedenis: 1905-1925 ............................................................................................................... 139
“Nieuwe” EVs ................................................................................................................................. 139
Nissan Leaf .................................................................................................................................... 140
Renault ZOE ................................................................................................................................... 140
Tesla Model S (X) ............................................................................................................................ 141
Audi e-tron ..................................................................................................................................... 141
Battery electric Heavy Duty ............................................................................................................. 141
Elektrische Bus .............................................................................................................................. 141
Elektrisch vrachtvervoer ................................................................................................................. 142
Laadconcepten en infrastructuur “An EV is pretty interesting when it is not driving” ............................. 142
Opladen ......................................................................................................................................... 142
Laadvermogens.............................................................................................................................. 142
Inductief laden ............................................................................................................................... 143
Bombardier Primove ....................................................................................................................... 143
“afstandsangst” (range anxiety) ....................................................................................................... 143
Plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen ............................................................................................. 143
Integratie in het elektriciteitssysteem .................................................................................................. 143
5
, Vragen ........................................................................................................................................... 143
Energieverbruik .............................................................................................................................. 143
Andere emissies ............................................................................................................................. 144
Impact op het elektriciteitsnet ........................................................................................................ 144
Impact op distributie netten ............................................................................................................ 144
Niet alleen thuis laden… ................................................................................................................. 144
“Clean” fuels Alternatieven voor diesel & benzine ............................................................................... 145
“Well-to-wheel” bekijken ................................................................................................................ 145
EV vs. waterstofauto ....................................................................................................................... 145
Wat met aardgas?........................................................................................................................... 145
Andere vervoersmodi Wat kan er nog elektrisch? ................................................................................. 146
Ander Vervoer................................................................................................................................. 146
Schepen ........................................................................................................................................ 146
Elektrische schepen ....................................................................................................................... 146
Elektrische vliegtuigen .................................................................................................................... 146
Besluit: E-Mobility .......................................................................................................................... 147
Elektrische netten in het verleden en in de toekomst I ............................................................................. 147
Waarom hebben wij elektrische netten nodig? ................................................................................. 147
Evolutie van elektrische netten ........................................................................................................... 147
Het begin van elektrische netwerken ............................................................................................... 147
Elektrische netten 1910 – 1930 ....................................................................................................... 148
Meer interconnectie eist meer coördinatie ...................................................................................... 148
Netwerk visie na de tweede wereldoorlog ........................................................................................ 148
Verdere ontwikkeling van het Europese netwerk............................................................................... 149
Het europsese hoogspanningsnetwerk vandaag .............................................................................. 149
Synchrone zones in het Europese netwerk ....................................................................................... 149
Transmissie en distributie netten ........................................................................................................ 149
Transport en distributie ................................................................................................................... 149
Functie van transmissie netten ....................................................................................................... 150
Wisselstroom transmissie .............................................................................................................. 150
Het Belgische transmissie netwerk.................................................................................................. 150
Ondergrondse AC hoogspanningskabels ......................................................................................... 150
Reactief vermogen ......................................................................................................................... 151
Keuze van het spanningsniveau....................................................................................................... 151
AC onderzee kabels – voorbeelden .................................................................................................. 151
Hoogspanningslijnen vs. ondergrondse kabels ................................................................................ 152
Types van pylonen .......................................................................................................................... 152
Installatie van luchtlijnen ................................................................................................................ 152
6
, Installatie van ondergrondse kabels ................................................................................................ 152
Het Stevin project ........................................................................................................................... 153
Hoogspanning-Gelijkstroom Transmissie (HVDC) ............................................................................ 153
Voordelen en nadelen van HVDC..................................................................................................... 153
AC vs. DC: Techno-economische beslissing .................................................................................... 153
Verschillende HVDC configuraties................................................................................................... 154
Verschillende types van convertoren ............................................................................................... 154
HVDC in Europa ............................................................................................................................. 154
HVDC in Azië .................................................................................................................................. 155
Oefening: AC vs DC ........................................................................................................................ 155
Oplossingen ................................................................................................................................... 156
Distributienet elektrische energie.................................................................................................... 156
Spanningsval.................................................................................................................................. 157
Spanningsonbalans ........................................................................................................................ 157
Vrije markt – Day ahead market ....................................................................................................... 157
Vraag en aanbod............................................................................................................................. 158
Onbalans door vraag ...................................................................................................................... 158
Hernieuwbare energie en onbalans ................................................................................................. 158
Onbalans tussen vraag en aanbod .................................................................................................. 159
Markt organisatie en de taken van de netbeheerder.......................................................................... 159
Marktwerking rekening houdend met vermogen stromen .................................................................. 159
Vrije markt – Basiswetgeving ........................................................................................................... 160
Opdrachten van transmissienetbeheerders ..................................................................................... 160
Verzorgings-/Spanningskwaliteit – Power Quality.............................................................................. 160
Automatische regeling .................................................................................................................... 161
Regeling: f terug 50 Hz .................................................................................................................... 161
Organisatie van de verschillende spelers ......................................................................................... 161
Elektrische netten in het verleden en in de toekomst II ............................................................................ 162
Elektrische netten in de toekomst en de uitdagingen die voor ons liggen .............................................. 162
Globale trends ............................................................................................................................... 162
Trends in consumptie ..................................................................................................................... 162
Onshore wind in België ................................................................................................................... 163
Offshore wind................................................................................................................................. 163
Offshore wind in België ................................................................................................................... 163
Nieuwe grootschalige mogelijkheden voor PV .................................................................................. 163
PV trend in België ........................................................................................................................... 164
Investeringsnoden in netwerken ...................................................................................................... 164
Infrastructuur uitdagingen .................................................................................................................. 164
7
, Infrastructuur uitdagingen .............................................................................................................. 164
Meer investeringen in ondergrondse kabels nodig ............................................................................ 165
Is een AC/DC hybride network maar een visie? ................................................................................ 165
De rol van interconnectie en HVDC, niet alleen in Europa… .............................................................. 165
DC-overlay-netten of conversie naar DC? ........................................................................................ 166
The TenneT target grid ..................................................................................................................... 166
Duitse Netzentwicklungsplan 2023 ................................................................................................. 167
Princess Elizabeth Island ................................................................................................................ 167
Een globaal elektriciteitsnet? .......................................................................................................... 167
Technische uitdagingen ...................................................................................................................... 168
Uitdagingen voor het transmissie netwerk ....................................................................................... 168
Elektrische energie… steeds in balans ............................................................................................. 168
DC netwerk topologie, protectie strategieën en stabiliteit ................................................................. 168
Studie – North Sea offshore grid ...................................................................................................... 169
Markt eerst? ................................................................................................................................... 169
Massatraagheid en stabiliteit .......................................................................................................... 169
Waarde van snelle reserves voor steun van frequentiestabiliteit ....................................................... 169
Naar een weerkrachtige system ...................................................................................................... 170
Herconfiguratie van het systeem afhankelijk van het weer ................................................................ 170
Snelle isolatie van systeemdelen om grootschalige uitvallen te voorkomen ...................................... 170
Hoe kunnen wij weerkracht kwantificeren? ...................................................................................... 171
Distributie netten, impact van EVs................................................................................................... 171
Belang van flexibiliteit ..................................................................................................................... 171
Lokale integratie Hernieuwbare Energie........................................................................................... 171
Slimme netten: meer IT, automatisatie ............................................................................................ 172
Multi – energie systemen................................................................................................................. 172
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................. 173
Basisbegrippen Elektrische Energie-Technologie .................................................................................... 173
Herhaling: Een kleine energie – quiz .................................................................................................... 173
Inleiding – Het elektriciteitssysteem.................................................................................................... 173
Basisbegrippen – Ketens .................................................................................................................... 174
Basisgrootheden ................................................................................................................................ 174
Gelijkspanning ................................................................................................................................... 174
Gelijkspanning en -stroom ................................................................................................................. 174
Gelijkspanning – toepassingen ........................................................................................................... 175
De electrische weerstand ................................................................................................................... 175
De wet van Ohm ................................................................................................................................ 175
De spanningsval ................................................................................................................................ 175
8
, Serie- en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................... 175
Weerstand, stromen en spanningen in elektrische circuits .................................................................. 176
Wisselspanning ................................................................................................................................. 176
Frequentie – Periode .......................................................................................................................... 176
Effectieve en maximum waarde .......................................................................................................... 177
Spanning en stroom in fase ................................................................................................................ 177
Voorijlende stroom............................................................................................................................. 177
Naijlende stroom ............................................................................................................................... 177
Wisselstroomelementen .................................................................................................................... 178
Praktijkweerstanden .......................................................................................................................... 178
Inductantie ........................................................................................................................................ 178
Capacitantie – Condensatoren ........................................................................................................... 178
Elementen en faseverschuiving .......................................................................................................... 179
Elementen en faseverschuiving in realiteit (I) ....................................................................................... 180
Elementen en faseverschuiving in realiteit (II) ...................................................................................... 180
Resistieve, inductieve en capacitieve weerstand ................................................................................. 180
Voorbeeld inductief – resistieve circuit ................................................................................................ 180
Vermogen – Gelijkstroom ................................................................................................................... 181
Actief, Reactief en schijnbaar vermogen – Wisselstroom ..................................................................... 181
Vergelijking boot ................................................................................................................................ 181
Arbeidsfactor en geleiderdiameter ...................................................................................................... 181
Netbeheer ......................................................................................................................................... 182
Eenfasig vermogen DC ....................................................................................................................... 182
Eenfasig vermogen AC........................................................................................................................ 182
Driefasig AC vermogen ....................................................................................................................... 182
Driefasige systemen – Ster schakeling ................................................................................................ 183
Driefasige systemen – Driehoek schakeling ......................................................................................... 183
Driefasige systemen – Strom, spanning, vermogen .............................................................................. 183
Optimalisatie van spanning & stroom in elektrische netwerken ............................................................ 184
Grootheden: veelvouden .................................................................................................................... 184
Grootheden ....................................................................................................................................... 184
Exta informatie teksten .......................................................................................................................... 185
DEEL I – Basis thermodynamica.......................................................................................................... 185
PDF 1 – Thermodynamica: Basiswetten en eigenschappen (Hoofdstukken 1–4) ................................ 185
DEEL II – Warmtemotoren en gascycli ................................................................................................. 186
PDF 2 – Warmtemotorcycli en luchtstandaardcycli (Hoofdstuk 5) ..................................................... 186
PDF 3 – Gasturbines en gecombineerde cycli (Hoofdstuk 9) ............................................................. 186
DEEL III – Stoomcycli en energiebeheer............................................................................................... 187
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