NURS 5315
Advanced Pathophysiology
Question Bank
Exams 1–5 · Questions and Answers
.
Page 1 of 108
,Table of Contents
Exam 1: Cellular Function, Genetics, Immunity, Inflammation
& Infection, Fluid/Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
Exam 2: Neurologic and Neuromuscular Function, Pain,
and Sleep
Exam 3: Cardiovascular, Hematologic, and Respiratory
Systems
Exam 4: Renal and Gastrointestinal/Hepatobiliary
Systems
Exam 5: Endocrine, Reproductive, Musculoskeletal/
Integumentary Systems, and Cancer Biology
Page 2 of 108
, Exam 1: Cellular Function, Genetics,
Immunity, Inflammation & Infection,
Fluid/Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
Question 1. A cell exposed to prolonged hypoxia switches to
anaerobic glycolysis. Which of the following is the most immediate
consequence of this metabolic shift?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Accumulation of lactic acid and intracellular acidosis
C. Enhanced protein synthesis
D. Decreased sodium influx
Answer: B. Accumulation of lactic acid and intracellular acidosis
Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis produces far less ATP than
oxidative phosphorylation and generates lactic acid as an end
product, lowering intracellular pH. This acidosis further impairs
enzyme function and accelerates cell injury if hypoxia persists.
Page 3 of 108
, Question 2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase
in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, often seen in the liver after
partial resection?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number resulting
from increased mitotic activity, a normal compensatory response in
tissues capable of division, such as the liver.
Question 3. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another, such as bronchial epithelium changing from ciliated columnar
to stratified squamous in a chronic smoker, is termed:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Page 4 of 108
Advanced Pathophysiology
Question Bank
Exams 1–5 · Questions and Answers
.
Page 1 of 108
,Table of Contents
Exam 1: Cellular Function, Genetics, Immunity, Inflammation
& Infection, Fluid/Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
Exam 2: Neurologic and Neuromuscular Function, Pain,
and Sleep
Exam 3: Cardiovascular, Hematologic, and Respiratory
Systems
Exam 4: Renal and Gastrointestinal/Hepatobiliary
Systems
Exam 5: Endocrine, Reproductive, Musculoskeletal/
Integumentary Systems, and Cancer Biology
Page 2 of 108
, Exam 1: Cellular Function, Genetics,
Immunity, Inflammation & Infection,
Fluid/Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
Question 1. A cell exposed to prolonged hypoxia switches to
anaerobic glycolysis. Which of the following is the most immediate
consequence of this metabolic shift?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Accumulation of lactic acid and intracellular acidosis
C. Enhanced protein synthesis
D. Decreased sodium influx
Answer: B. Accumulation of lactic acid and intracellular acidosis
Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis produces far less ATP than
oxidative phosphorylation and generates lactic acid as an end
product, lowering intracellular pH. This acidosis further impairs
enzyme function and accelerates cell injury if hypoxia persists.
Page 3 of 108
, Question 2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase
in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, often seen in the liver after
partial resection?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number resulting
from increased mitotic activity, a normal compensatory response in
tissues capable of division, such as the liver.
Question 3. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another, such as bronchial epithelium changing from ciliated columnar
to stratified squamous in a chronic smoker, is termed:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Page 4 of 108
