BIOL 117 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026
◉ heterokaryotic mycelium.
Answer: cells contain 2 haploid nuclei from parent (n+n)
◉ karyogamy.
Answer: fusion of nuclei from parents (2n)
◉ three domains of life.
Answer: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
◉ methods of gene exchange for bacteria.
Answer: 1. transformation
2. conjugation
3. transduction
◉ transduction.
Answer: -viruses/bacteriophages help to pass genetic information
-required initial virus to be successful then a later virus to be
unsuccesful
,-virus acts as intermediary
◉ conjugation.
Answer: -direct contact and DNA sharing between cells
-pili structures - formation of a tunnel between 2 cells so DNA can
pass
◉ transformation.
Answer: -DNA from environment is taken in and used
-useful in DNA technology
◉ phototrophs.
Answer: source of energy is sunlight
◉ chemoorganotrophs.
Answer: source of energy:
- organic molecules
◉ chemolithotrophs.
Answer: source of energy:
- inorganic molecules
,◉ autotrophs.
Answer: source of C-C bonds:
- self-synthesized from CO2, CH4, or other simple molecules
◉ heterotrophs.
Answer: source of C-C bonds:
- from molecules produced by other organisms
◉ extremophiles.
Answer: bacteria/archeae that live in extreme habitats:
-hydrothermal vents
-acidic conditions (pH < 1)
-under antarctic ice
-water 5-10 times saltier than seawater
◉ food produced by bacteria.
Answer: - vinegar- acetic acid bacteria
- Limburger cheese- brevibacterium
- pickles, sauerkraut, yogurt- lactic acid-fermentation
◉ Why study protists?.
Answer: -critical to understand evolution of plants, fungi, animals
, -impact on human health welfare
-ecological imp
◉ According to this phylogenetic tree the entirety of protist form a
______ group..
Answer:
◉ Why are "protists" a ________ group ?.
Answer:
◉ what evolved in protists.
Answer: earliest euk single celled organism w/
-mitochondria
-nucleus w endomembrane syst
-cytoskeleton
-no cell wall.
◉ endomembrane system.
Answer: organelles w similar membrane structures; can pass things
among themselves easily
◉ endosymbiosis theory.
GUIDE 2026
◉ heterokaryotic mycelium.
Answer: cells contain 2 haploid nuclei from parent (n+n)
◉ karyogamy.
Answer: fusion of nuclei from parents (2n)
◉ three domains of life.
Answer: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
◉ methods of gene exchange for bacteria.
Answer: 1. transformation
2. conjugation
3. transduction
◉ transduction.
Answer: -viruses/bacteriophages help to pass genetic information
-required initial virus to be successful then a later virus to be
unsuccesful
,-virus acts as intermediary
◉ conjugation.
Answer: -direct contact and DNA sharing between cells
-pili structures - formation of a tunnel between 2 cells so DNA can
pass
◉ transformation.
Answer: -DNA from environment is taken in and used
-useful in DNA technology
◉ phototrophs.
Answer: source of energy is sunlight
◉ chemoorganotrophs.
Answer: source of energy:
- organic molecules
◉ chemolithotrophs.
Answer: source of energy:
- inorganic molecules
,◉ autotrophs.
Answer: source of C-C bonds:
- self-synthesized from CO2, CH4, or other simple molecules
◉ heterotrophs.
Answer: source of C-C bonds:
- from molecules produced by other organisms
◉ extremophiles.
Answer: bacteria/archeae that live in extreme habitats:
-hydrothermal vents
-acidic conditions (pH < 1)
-under antarctic ice
-water 5-10 times saltier than seawater
◉ food produced by bacteria.
Answer: - vinegar- acetic acid bacteria
- Limburger cheese- brevibacterium
- pickles, sauerkraut, yogurt- lactic acid-fermentation
◉ Why study protists?.
Answer: -critical to understand evolution of plants, fungi, animals
, -impact on human health welfare
-ecological imp
◉ According to this phylogenetic tree the entirety of protist form a
______ group..
Answer:
◉ Why are "protists" a ________ group ?.
Answer:
◉ what evolved in protists.
Answer: earliest euk single celled organism w/
-mitochondria
-nucleus w endomembrane syst
-cytoskeleton
-no cell wall.
◉ endomembrane system.
Answer: organelles w similar membrane structures; can pass things
among themselves easily
◉ endosymbiosis theory.
