BIOL 3332 - Exam 4 UH Knapp. Newest
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
Adaptive Immunity - ANSThird line of defense
Adherence (Phagocytosis) - ANS-Via PAMPS to Toll‐like receptors
-Release of cytokines
Antibody (immunoglobulin) - ANS-Is a Y‐shaped structure made up of four
polypeptides
-Two large heavy chains and two smaller light chains, connected by
disulfide bonds
-Variable regions of these chains possess variable amino acid sequences
and are the antigen‐binding sites.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - ANS-"Show" antigen to cells of the
immune system (T helper cells)
-Binding between cells --> release of cytokines
-Activation of antigen‐presenting cells.
Antigens (Ag) - ANSAre molecules, that in the body, activate lymphocytes
B cells - ANSExtracellular pathogens
1
, B cells interact w/ antigen - ANSvia surface immunoglobins, i.e., antibodies
Basophils - ANS-1% secrete chemicals
-Low concentration
-Involve in inflammatory response
-Secrete chemicals
Bordetella pertussis - ANS-Aerobic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus
-Inhibits the mucociliary escalator by binding to lung ciliated cells in the
trachea, then progressively destroying them.
-Tracheal cytotoxin: damages ciliated cells
-Pertussis toxin: enters blood, results in systemic symptoms of disease
-Catarrhal stage: resembles common cold
-Paroxysmal stage: violent coughing; gasping for air; 1‐6 weeks
-Convalescence stage: months
-DTP to DTaP (cell‐free) vaccine
-2012 epidemic
Bordetella pertussis Virulence factors - ANScapsule; toxins
Chemotactic chemicals (Phagocytosis) - ANS-Microbial products,
components of damaged tissue, cytokines
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - ANSAerobic, Gram‐positive rod
-Exhibits pleomorphic morphology
2
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
Adaptive Immunity - ANSThird line of defense
Adherence (Phagocytosis) - ANS-Via PAMPS to Toll‐like receptors
-Release of cytokines
Antibody (immunoglobulin) - ANS-Is a Y‐shaped structure made up of four
polypeptides
-Two large heavy chains and two smaller light chains, connected by
disulfide bonds
-Variable regions of these chains possess variable amino acid sequences
and are the antigen‐binding sites.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - ANS-"Show" antigen to cells of the
immune system (T helper cells)
-Binding between cells --> release of cytokines
-Activation of antigen‐presenting cells.
Antigens (Ag) - ANSAre molecules, that in the body, activate lymphocytes
B cells - ANSExtracellular pathogens
1
, B cells interact w/ antigen - ANSvia surface immunoglobins, i.e., antibodies
Basophils - ANS-1% secrete chemicals
-Low concentration
-Involve in inflammatory response
-Secrete chemicals
Bordetella pertussis - ANS-Aerobic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus
-Inhibits the mucociliary escalator by binding to lung ciliated cells in the
trachea, then progressively destroying them.
-Tracheal cytotoxin: damages ciliated cells
-Pertussis toxin: enters blood, results in systemic symptoms of disease
-Catarrhal stage: resembles common cold
-Paroxysmal stage: violent coughing; gasping for air; 1‐6 weeks
-Convalescence stage: months
-DTP to DTaP (cell‐free) vaccine
-2012 epidemic
Bordetella pertussis Virulence factors - ANScapsule; toxins
Chemotactic chemicals (Phagocytosis) - ANS-Microbial products,
components of damaged tissue, cytokines
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - ANSAerobic, Gram‐positive rod
-Exhibits pleomorphic morphology
2
