BIO 411 LATEST EXAM PREP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PDF 2026
▶ What are nonpolar covalent bonds?. Answer: electrons are shared
equally, not water soluble
▶ What are polar covalent bonds?. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
▶ What are ionic bonds?. Answer: transfer of electrons
▶ What is a positively charged atom?. Answer: cation
▶ What is a negatively charged atom?. Answer: anion
▶ What do cations and anions form?. Answer: ionic compounds
▶ What's an example of an ionic compound?. Answer: sodium chloride
▶ What is ionization?. Answer: the process of becoming charged
▶ are ionic bonds weak or strong?. Answer: a strong DRY bond - but
weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)
▶ Hydrophilic. Answer: water loving
▶ Hydrophobic. Answer: water hating
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
, ▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
▶ What do lipids consist of?. Answer: glycerol head and fatty acid tails,
they are hydrophobic
▶ What are triglycerides?. Answer: fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule
joined with 3 fatty acids
▶ What are saturated fats?. Answer: Solid at room temperature, higher
melting point, single bond
▶ What are unsaturated fats?. Answer: liquid at room temperature, double
bond
▶ What are phospholipids?. Answer: a lipid containing a phosphate group
in its molecule
▶ What are steroids?. Answer: Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton
made up of four fused rings.
E.g. Cholesterol
▶ What are anabolic steroids?. Answer: synthetic forms of testosterone
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PDF 2026
▶ What are nonpolar covalent bonds?. Answer: electrons are shared
equally, not water soluble
▶ What are polar covalent bonds?. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
▶ What are ionic bonds?. Answer: transfer of electrons
▶ What is a positively charged atom?. Answer: cation
▶ What is a negatively charged atom?. Answer: anion
▶ What do cations and anions form?. Answer: ionic compounds
▶ What's an example of an ionic compound?. Answer: sodium chloride
▶ What is ionization?. Answer: the process of becoming charged
▶ are ionic bonds weak or strong?. Answer: a strong DRY bond - but
weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)
▶ Hydrophilic. Answer: water loving
▶ Hydrophobic. Answer: water hating
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
, ▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
▶ What do lipids consist of?. Answer: glycerol head and fatty acid tails,
they are hydrophobic
▶ What are triglycerides?. Answer: fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule
joined with 3 fatty acids
▶ What are saturated fats?. Answer: Solid at room temperature, higher
melting point, single bond
▶ What are unsaturated fats?. Answer: liquid at room temperature, double
bond
▶ What are phospholipids?. Answer: a lipid containing a phosphate group
in its molecule
▶ What are steroids?. Answer: Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton
made up of four fused rings.
E.g. Cholesterol
▶ What are anabolic steroids?. Answer: synthetic forms of testosterone
