COUC 601 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
▶ Hydrostatic Pressure . Answer: Push, typically happens at the arterial
level
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
, ▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
▶ Hydrostatic Pressure . Answer: Push, typically happens at the arterial
level
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
, ▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
▶ hypomagnecemia . Answer: tremors, tachycardia, confusion
▶ hypermagnecemia . Answer: vasodialation, nausea, emesis,
hypotensive, cardiac arrest
▶ Blood pH . Answer: 7.35-7.45
▶ Co2 normal range . Answer: 45-35
▶ HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range . Answer: 22-26
▶ Blood pH less than 7.35 . Answer: metabolic or respiratory acidosis
