Summary Introduction to Treatment Methods

Introduction to treatment methods
Table of Contents
Introduction to treatment methods....................................................................................1
Lecture 1.......................................................................................................................................2
1. What is treatment?.....................................................................................................................................2
2. Cognitive behavioural therapy – CBT..........................................................................................................2
3. Anxiety disorders........................................................................................................................................5
4. Mood disorder: MDD..................................................................................................................................9
Lecture 2: Common factors (CF) in psychotherapy......................................................................13
1. General......................................................................................................................................................13
2. Contextual model for common factors....................................................................................................13
3. Introspection and self-knowledge............................................................................................................16
4. Summary...................................................................................................................................................17
Lecture 3: Cognitive behaviour therapy in the elderly................................................................19
Lecture 4: Schema therapy.........................................................................................................25
1. What is schema therapy?.........................................................................................................................25
2. What are EMS (=early maladaptive schemas)?........................................................................................25
3. Core needs and temperament..................................................................................................................25
4. Schema domains and EMS........................................................................................................................26
5. Schema operations...................................................................................................................................27
6. Assessment and change............................................................................................................................28
7. How to become a schema therapist?.......................................................................................................29
Lecture 5: How does EMDR work?..............................................................................................30
1. PTSD..........................................................................................................................................................30
2. What is EMDR?.........................................................................................................................................30
3. Working mechanism.................................................................................................................................31
4. EMDR for other mental disorders.............................................................................................................32
5. Effectiveness.............................................................................................................................................32
6. Treatment protocol...................................................................................................................................33
Lecture 6: Acceptance and Commitment therapy.......................................................................36
Lecture 7: Psychodynamic psychotherapy..................................................................................40
1. History.......................................................................................................................................................40
2. The unconscious.......................................................................................................................................40
3. Interventions of psychoanalysis...............................................................................................................40
4. Main defences...........................................................................................................................................40
5. Comparison to psychodynamic psychotherapy........................................................................................41
6. Summary...................................................................................................................................................45
Lecture 8: Client-centred psychotherapy (CCP) & Emotion-focused therapy...............................46
1. Carl Rogers and development of CCP.......................................................................................................46
2. Basic principles of CCP..............................................................................................................................46
3. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)................................................................................................................48




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,Lecture 1
1. What is treatment?
 Similarities with coaching, but therapy has confidentiality and ethical rules
o Coaching not about mental health problems, but about improvement of
working attitude etc.
 Aims:
o Symptom relief (mental and physical)  increase of happiness
o Targeting underlying deficits/conflicts
o Acceptance
 Types
o Short-term vs. Long-term
o Individual vs. group
o Symptom-focused vs. person-cantered
o Types of Psychotherapy vs. other treatments (psychotropics, deep brain
stimulation, art/dance therapy)
 Psychoanalysis (Freud)
 Psychodynamic therapies
 Transference focused
 Mentalization based treatment (MBT)
 Behavioural (Skinner)
 Humanistic (Rogers)
 Client/Person-centred  self-actualization
 Emotion focused therapy
 Gestalt (Perls)
 Experiential
 Existential (Yalom)
 System (family, couple)
 Cognitive therapy (Beck)
o CBT
o 2nd wave
o 3rd wave (EMDR, ACT, MBCT)
 Schema focused therapy (Young)  integrated CBT, existential
and Gestalt
 Eclectic therapies = approach that incorporates principles from
various systems
2. Cognitive behavioural therapy – CBT
 History
o 1st generation: Behaviour therapy (1950-1960)
 Objective scientific approach to understand psych. problems by
looking at behaviour
 Focus: modification of problematic behaviour (conditioning)
nd
o 2 generation: CBT (1960-1990)
 Emphasis on cognitive processes
 Focus on modification of maladaptive thoughts, schemas or info
processing styles
 Rational emotive therapy

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,  Cognitive therapy
rd
o 3 generation: Acceptance based model of CBT
(since 1990s)
 Deviates from traditional CBT approaches
 Integrating new concepts into traditional
behavioural interventions: metacognition,
acceptance, mindfulness, personal values,
spirituality
 E.g.: ACT, CMT, MBCT, DBT, metacognitive
therapy (MCT), solution focused therapy,
schema focused therapy (SFT), EMDR
 Alternative cognitive-behavioural approaches
o MBT
 Distancing oneself from negative thinking and recognizing that
thoughts don’t have to determine behaviours
 Mindfulness = state of awareness, openness and receptiveness
 Teaching through meditation
 Skills
 Defusion = distancing oneself from and letting go of unhelpful
thoughts
 Acceptance
 Contact in present moment
o ACT
 Simply noticing and accepting thoughts and feelings in present
moment
 Psych. suffering bc of avoiding and thoughts
 Handling pain and stress
o DBT
 For mood swings, self-blaming behaviour and expression of anger
 Individual + group component
o Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
 Group intervention
 Combines CBT with meditation techniques
 Teaching to relate to depressive thoughts as mental events, rather
than as accurate reflections of reality in order to prevent relapse as a
result of dysphoric mood
 What is CBT?
o The way ppl feel is linked to the way they think
about a situation
o Patients reframe negative thinking patterns into
positive thoughts  transforming thoughts will
result in positive actions and behaviour in difficult
moments
o Homework assignments
o Beck institute: time-sensitive, structured, problem-
focused, goal-and present-oriented therapy


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, directed toward solving current problems and teaching client skills to modify
behaviour
o Reviewing childhood experiences (but not in focus)
 What happens in CBT?
o Monitoring and recording thought during emotionally upsetting situations
o Learning that the way one’s thinks can contribute to emotional problems
(e.g. depression, anxiety)
o Reducing emotional problems
 Identifying distortions in your thinking
 Seeing thoughts as ideas about what is going on rather than as facts
 "standing back" from your thinking to consider situations from
different viewpoints
o Basics
 Feeling in response to a situation is determined how you perceive the
situation
 Automatic thoughts (AT)  “pop” into mind and shape the particular
emotion experienced and the resulting behaviour


 Learning to evaluate ATs  clarifying the nature of resulting emotion
and understanding why the situation was e.g. upsetting
 Distorted thinking patterns of oneself, the world and the future 
cognitive triad of depression
 All-or-nothing
 Disqualifying the positive
 Mental fit
 Questioning the rules and assumptions learned in childhood
 More negative Core beliefs
 Cognitive change
 Examining (dis-)
advantages of
holding such beliefs
 Examining evidence that supports and doesn’t support
assumptions
 Trying to find less extreme, more middle-ground views of
oneself
 Performing behavioural experiments
 Clinical case formulation
o Individual overview of the problems that a patient is dealing with, pointing
out the interconnectedness or causal relationship between them and the
patient’s history and personality
o “One-case study”
o Made together with patient
o After/during first session
o Goals
 Getting an overview of problems of patient
 Discovering causal relationships between these problems

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