COURSE YEAR: 2020/2021
6-4-2021
7S0X0 URBAN PHYSICS
SUMMARY OF ALL CONTENT REGARDING THIS COURSE
BY: F.M. ARNTS
STUDENT AT TU EINDHOVEN
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 2 - ACOUSTICS..................................................................................................................................... 5
LECTURE A.1 INTRODUCTION, HEALTH EFFECTS & NOISE MAPPING ....................................................... 5
Health effects due to environmental noise ........................................................................................... 5
LECTURE A.2 ACOUSTICS QUANTITIES, ACOUSTIC PRESSURE AND VELOCITY, SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL,
A-WEIGHTING & OCTAVE BANDS .............................................................................................................. 7
Acous�cs quan��es .............................................................................................................................. 7
Sound pressure level Lp(f) ................................................................................................................... 10
A-weigh�ng ......................................................................................................................................... 12
LECTURE A.3 METRICS OF URBAN ACOUSTICS ....................................................................................... 13
Metrics ................................................................................................................................................ 13
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 2 principles of environmental noise ...................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3 Environmental Noise and Health........................................................................................ 17
Chapter 4 Strategic Noise Mapping .................................................................................................... 17
‘BURDEN OF DISEASE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE’ .......................................................................... 18
Execu�ve summary ............................................................................................................................. 18
WEEK 2 - WIND ........................................................................................................................................... 19
LECTURES WIND TUNNEL TESTING ......................................................................................................... 19
Why wind-tunnel tes�ng? ................................................................................................................... 19
Wind-tunnel types and applica�ons ................................................................................................... 19
The ABL wind tunnel ........................................................................................................................... 22
Wind tunnel components ................................................................................................................... 26
Measurement and flow visualiza�on .................................................................................................. 28
Similarity and flow quality .................................................................................................................. 31
Best prac�ce guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 33
LECTURES WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS ......................................................................................... 35
Wind flow around buildings – I ........................................................................................................... 35
Wind flow around buildings – II .......................................................................................................... 37
WEEK 3 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 39
LECTURE A.4 SOURCES OF SOUND.......................................................................................................... 39
Represen�ng noise sources ................................................................................................................ 41
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 42
1
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
Chapter 5 Transporta�on Noise .......................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 6 Industrial and Construc�on Type Noise ............................................................................. 42
WEEK 3 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 43
LECTURES PEDESTRIAN-LEVEL WIND COMFORT .................................................................................... 43
Pedestrian-level wind – I ..................................................................................................................... 43
Pedestrian level wind – II .................................................................................................................... 44
Pedestrian level wind – III ................................................................................................................... 45
LECTURE NATURAL VENTILATION............................................................................................................ 47
WEEK 4 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 49
LECTURE A.5 EFFECTS ON NOISE PROPAGATION .................................................................................... 49
Ground effect ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Metereological effects ........................................................................................................................ 50
Screening............................................................................................................................................. 51
Urban effects ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Combined effects ................................................................................................................................ 52
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 52
Chapter 2.6: Outdoor Sound Propaga�on .......................................................................................... 52
WEEK 4 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 53
LECTURES WIND-DRIVEN RAIN ............................................................................................................... 53
Wind-driven rain – I ............................................................................................................................ 53
Wind-driven rain – II ........................................................................................................................... 55
LECTURES WIND ENERGY ........................................................................................................................ 57
Wind energy – I ................................................................................................................................... 57
Wind energy – II .................................................................................................................................. 58
WEEK 5 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 60
LECTURE A.6 URBAN NOISE CONTROL .................................................................................................... 60
Source measures ................................................................................................................................. 60
Propaga�on path measures ................................................................................................................ 60
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 7 Noise Mi�ga�on Approaches ............................................................................................. 62
‘NOVEL SOLUTIONS FOR QUIETER AND GREENER CITIES’ ...................................................................... 62
Innova�ve noise barriers, using natural and recycled materials ........................................................ 62
Trees, shrubs and bushes .................................................................................................................... 62
2
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
Noise reduc�on by means of ground treatments ............................................................................... 62
Vegeta�on in urban streets, squares and court yards ........................................................................ 63
WEEK 5 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 64
LECTURE AIR POLLUTION ........................................................................................................................ 64
Par�culate mater: basics.................................................................................................................... 64
WEEK 6 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 66
LECTURE A.7 COMPUTING URBAN ACOUSTICS – I.................................................................................. 66
Numerical versus geometrical acous�cs modelling ............................................................................ 66
Cnossos sound propaga�on model ..................................................................................................... 66
Sound power Lw,n,i ................................................................................................................................ 67
Aatm, Adiv and Adif .................................................................................................................................. 68
Atenua�on due to the ground Aground................................................................................................. 69
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 70
CNOSSOS-EU ....................................................................................................................................... 70
‘CNOSSOS’ ............................................................................................................................................... 70
WEEK 6 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 71
LECTURES CLIMATE ADAPTATION............................................................................................................ 71
Climate adapta�on .............................................................................................................................. 71
Climate change adapta�on measures ................................................................................................. 72
WEEK 7 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 73
LECTURE A.8 COMPUTING URBAN ACOUSTICS – II................................................................................. 73
Cnossos homogeneous condi�ons...................................................................................................... 73
Cnossos favourable condi�ons............................................................................................................ 73
Aground, f Atenua�on due to the ground in favourable condi�ons ....................................................... 73
Adif,h no ground surface ....................................................................................................................... 73
Adif,h with ground surface ..................................................................................................................... 74
Adif,h without ground surface, wide screen .......................................................................................... 74
Adif,h with ground surface, wide screen ............................................................................................... 75
Adif,F no ground surface ........................................................................................................................ 75
Adif,F WITH ground surface ................................................................................................................... 75
Diffrac�on around ver�cal edges ........................................................................................................ 76
Reflec�on from buildings .................................................................................................................... 76
WEEK 7 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 77
3
6-4-2021
7S0X0 URBAN PHYSICS
SUMMARY OF ALL CONTENT REGARDING THIS COURSE
BY: F.M. ARNTS
STUDENT AT TU EINDHOVEN
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 2 - ACOUSTICS..................................................................................................................................... 5
LECTURE A.1 INTRODUCTION, HEALTH EFFECTS & NOISE MAPPING ....................................................... 5
Health effects due to environmental noise ........................................................................................... 5
LECTURE A.2 ACOUSTICS QUANTITIES, ACOUSTIC PRESSURE AND VELOCITY, SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL,
A-WEIGHTING & OCTAVE BANDS .............................................................................................................. 7
Acous�cs quan��es .............................................................................................................................. 7
Sound pressure level Lp(f) ................................................................................................................... 10
A-weigh�ng ......................................................................................................................................... 12
LECTURE A.3 METRICS OF URBAN ACOUSTICS ....................................................................................... 13
Metrics ................................................................................................................................................ 13
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 2 principles of environmental noise ...................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3 Environmental Noise and Health........................................................................................ 17
Chapter 4 Strategic Noise Mapping .................................................................................................... 17
‘BURDEN OF DISEASE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE’ .......................................................................... 18
Execu�ve summary ............................................................................................................................. 18
WEEK 2 - WIND ........................................................................................................................................... 19
LECTURES WIND TUNNEL TESTING ......................................................................................................... 19
Why wind-tunnel tes�ng? ................................................................................................................... 19
Wind-tunnel types and applica�ons ................................................................................................... 19
The ABL wind tunnel ........................................................................................................................... 22
Wind tunnel components ................................................................................................................... 26
Measurement and flow visualiza�on .................................................................................................. 28
Similarity and flow quality .................................................................................................................. 31
Best prac�ce guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 33
LECTURES WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS ......................................................................................... 35
Wind flow around buildings – I ........................................................................................................... 35
Wind flow around buildings – II .......................................................................................................... 37
WEEK 3 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 39
LECTURE A.4 SOURCES OF SOUND.......................................................................................................... 39
Represen�ng noise sources ................................................................................................................ 41
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 42
1
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
Chapter 5 Transporta�on Noise .......................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 6 Industrial and Construc�on Type Noise ............................................................................. 42
WEEK 3 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 43
LECTURES PEDESTRIAN-LEVEL WIND COMFORT .................................................................................... 43
Pedestrian-level wind – I ..................................................................................................................... 43
Pedestrian level wind – II .................................................................................................................... 44
Pedestrian level wind – III ................................................................................................................... 45
LECTURE NATURAL VENTILATION............................................................................................................ 47
WEEK 4 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 49
LECTURE A.5 EFFECTS ON NOISE PROPAGATION .................................................................................... 49
Ground effect ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Metereological effects ........................................................................................................................ 50
Screening............................................................................................................................................. 51
Urban effects ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Combined effects ................................................................................................................................ 52
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 52
Chapter 2.6: Outdoor Sound Propaga�on .......................................................................................... 52
WEEK 4 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 53
LECTURES WIND-DRIVEN RAIN ............................................................................................................... 53
Wind-driven rain – I ............................................................................................................................ 53
Wind-driven rain – II ........................................................................................................................... 55
LECTURES WIND ENERGY ........................................................................................................................ 57
Wind energy – I ................................................................................................................................... 57
Wind energy – II .................................................................................................................................. 58
WEEK 5 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 60
LECTURE A.6 URBAN NOISE CONTROL .................................................................................................... 60
Source measures ................................................................................................................................. 60
Propaga�on path measures ................................................................................................................ 60
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 7 Noise Mi�ga�on Approaches ............................................................................................. 62
‘NOVEL SOLUTIONS FOR QUIETER AND GREENER CITIES’ ...................................................................... 62
Innova�ve noise barriers, using natural and recycled materials ........................................................ 62
Trees, shrubs and bushes .................................................................................................................... 62
2
, 7S0X0 Urban physics: wind, acous�cs, insola�on & precipita�on
Noise reduc�on by means of ground treatments ............................................................................... 62
Vegeta�on in urban streets, squares and court yards ........................................................................ 63
WEEK 5 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 64
LECTURE AIR POLLUTION ........................................................................................................................ 64
Par�culate mater: basics.................................................................................................................... 64
WEEK 6 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 66
LECTURE A.7 COMPUTING URBAN ACOUSTICS – I.................................................................................. 66
Numerical versus geometrical acous�cs modelling ............................................................................ 66
Cnossos sound propaga�on model ..................................................................................................... 66
Sound power Lw,n,i ................................................................................................................................ 67
Aatm, Adiv and Adif .................................................................................................................................. 68
Atenua�on due to the ground Aground................................................................................................. 69
‘ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION’ ................................................................................................... 70
CNOSSOS-EU ....................................................................................................................................... 70
‘CNOSSOS’ ............................................................................................................................................... 70
WEEK 6 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 71
LECTURES CLIMATE ADAPTATION............................................................................................................ 71
Climate adapta�on .............................................................................................................................. 71
Climate change adapta�on measures ................................................................................................. 72
WEEK 7 – ACOUSTICS .................................................................................................................................. 73
LECTURE A.8 COMPUTING URBAN ACOUSTICS – II................................................................................. 73
Cnossos homogeneous condi�ons...................................................................................................... 73
Cnossos favourable condi�ons............................................................................................................ 73
Aground, f Atenua�on due to the ground in favourable condi�ons ....................................................... 73
Adif,h no ground surface ....................................................................................................................... 73
Adif,h with ground surface ..................................................................................................................... 74
Adif,h without ground surface, wide screen .......................................................................................... 74
Adif,h with ground surface, wide screen ............................................................................................... 75
Adif,F no ground surface ........................................................................................................................ 75
Adif,F WITH ground surface ................................................................................................................... 75
Diffrac�on around ver�cal edges ........................................................................................................ 76
Reflec�on from buildings .................................................................................................................... 76
WEEK 7 – WIND........................................................................................................................................... 77
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