FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Interrelated roles of nurses. Answer: communicator, teacher,
counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
⩥ coping with disability and death. Answer: nurses use optimal function
of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support
systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care,
hospice
⩥ The Nursing Process. Answer: -one of major guidelines for nursing
practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
⩥ Nurse Practice Acts. Answer: -define legal scope of nursing practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation
-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal
requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
,- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
⩥ 5 vital signs. Answer: respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure,
temperature, and pain
⩥ Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria. Answer: -
well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
⩥ Florence Nightingale. Answer: defined nursing as both an art and
science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding
nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
⩥ Clara Barton. Answer: established red cross; volunteered to care for
wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war; served as supervisor of
nurses for the army of James
⩥ sources of knowledge. Answer: -traditional ( passed down from
generation to generation)
,-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's
perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
⩥ objective. Answer: you can see the object
⩥ subjective. Answer: coming from that subject
⩥ types of knowledge. Answer: -science (observing, identifying,
describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that are
perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the
processes used to develop and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring
about a desired result)
⩥ goals of nursing research. Answer: -improve care in clinical setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics,
nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
⩥ deductive reasoning. Answer: examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas
, ⩥ inductive reasoning. Answer: one builds from specific ideas or actions
to conclusions about general ideas
⩥ health. Answer: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
⩥ illness. Answer: the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
⩥ wellness. Answer: an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle
promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
⩥ nursing theory. Answer: differentiates nursing from other disciplines
and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining,
predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices
⩥ evidence-based practice (EBP). Answer: a problem-solving approach
to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends
both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may
consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for
the care of patients
⩥ steps in implementing EBP. Answer: Step 1: ask a question about a
clinical area of interest or an intervention
STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Interrelated roles of nurses. Answer: communicator, teacher,
counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
⩥ coping with disability and death. Answer: nurses use optimal function
of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support
systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care,
hospice
⩥ The Nursing Process. Answer: -one of major guidelines for nursing
practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
⩥ Nurse Practice Acts. Answer: -define legal scope of nursing practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation
-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal
requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
,- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
⩥ 5 vital signs. Answer: respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure,
temperature, and pain
⩥ Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria. Answer: -
well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
⩥ Florence Nightingale. Answer: defined nursing as both an art and
science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding
nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
⩥ Clara Barton. Answer: established red cross; volunteered to care for
wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war; served as supervisor of
nurses for the army of James
⩥ sources of knowledge. Answer: -traditional ( passed down from
generation to generation)
,-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's
perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
⩥ objective. Answer: you can see the object
⩥ subjective. Answer: coming from that subject
⩥ types of knowledge. Answer: -science (observing, identifying,
describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that are
perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the
processes used to develop and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring
about a desired result)
⩥ goals of nursing research. Answer: -improve care in clinical setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics,
nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
⩥ deductive reasoning. Answer: examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas
, ⩥ inductive reasoning. Answer: one builds from specific ideas or actions
to conclusions about general ideas
⩥ health. Answer: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
⩥ illness. Answer: the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
⩥ wellness. Answer: an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle
promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
⩥ nursing theory. Answer: differentiates nursing from other disciplines
and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining,
predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices
⩥ evidence-based practice (EBP). Answer: a problem-solving approach
to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends
both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may
consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for
the care of patients
⩥ steps in implementing EBP. Answer: Step 1: ask a question about a
clinical area of interest or an intervention
