1
MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Questions with Correct Answers | Updated
(100% Correct Answers)
Nephrotic syndrome Answer: characterized by massive proteinuria
caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response
that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Answer: Lesions that involve all
or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and
lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental Answer: When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Answer: Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
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,2
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -
- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to an
increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions
that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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, 3
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy Answer: A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the cells
lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Answer: inherited disease in which
sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
© 2025 All rights reserved
MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Questions with Correct Answers | Updated
(100% Correct Answers)
Nephrotic syndrome Answer: characterized by massive proteinuria
caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response
that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Answer: Lesions that involve all
or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and
lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental Answer: When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Answer: Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
© 2025 All rights reserved
,2
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -
- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to an
increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions
that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor Answer: refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy Answer: A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the cells
lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Answer: inherited disease in which
sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
© 2025 All rights reserved
