Contents
1 Wetgeving.................................................................................................1
2 Waterverontreiniging................................................................................4
2.1 Verontreiniging....................................................................................4
2.2 Parameters van verontreiniging..........................................................4
2.2.1 Opgeloste zuurstof (D.O.).............................................................4
2.2.2 Chemisch zuurstofverbruik...........................................................4
2.2.3 Biologisch zuurstofverbruik..........................................................5
2.2.4 pH.................................................................................................6
2.2.5 Droge stof/zwevende delen..........................................................6
2.3 Nitraat.................................................................................................6
2.4 Fosfor..................................................................................................6
2.5 Vermesting..........................................................................................7
2.6 Zware metalen....................................................................................8
2.7 Ziekteverwekkers................................................................................8
2.8 Ecologische toestand van oppervlaktewater......................................8
2.9 Waterverbruik.....................................................................................8
2.10 Samenstelling afvalwater..................................................................9
3 Waterzuivering........................................................................................10
3.1 Lozingsnormen..................................................................................10
3.2 Primaire zuivering.............................................................................10
3.2.1 Egalisatiebekken.........................................................................10
3.2.2 Rooster.......................................................................................11
3.2.3 Zeven..........................................................................................11
3.2.4 Zandvang....................................................................................11
3.2.5 Vetvang.......................................................................................11
3.2.6 Bezinkingsbekken.......................................................................12
3.3 Secundaire waterzuivering...............................................................13
3.3.1 Aerobe secundaire waterzuivering.............................................13
3.3.2 Actieve slib vlok..........................................................................14
3.3.3 Membraan reactoren..................................................................15
3.3.4 Anaerobe secundaire waterzuivering..........................................16
[i]
, 3.4 Tertiaire zuivering.............................................................................17
3.4.1 Stikstofverwijdering....................................................................17
3.4.2 Fosforverwijdering......................................................................19
3.5 Desinfectie........................................................................................20
3.5.1 Langzame zand filtratie..............................................................20
3.5.2 UV-desinfectie.............................................................................20
3.5.3 Oxiderende chemicaliën.............................................................21
3.6 Slibverwerking..................................................................................21
3.6.1 Gravitaire indikker......................................................................21
3.6.2 Mechanische indikking................................................................21
3.6.3 Slibstabilistatie...........................................................................21
3.7 Kleinschalige waterzuivering............................................................21
3.7.1 Voorbehandeling.........................................................................22
3.7.2 Biologische zuivering..................................................................23
3.7.3 Pesticidenresidu’s.......................................................................27
4 Afval........................................................................................................30
5 Compostering..........................................................................................32
5.1 Biologische processen.......................................................................32
5.1.1 opstart........................................................................................33
5.1.2 hygiënisering (thermofiele fase).................................................33
5.1.3 afkoelingsfase.............................................................................33
5.1.4 rijpingsfase.................................................................................33
5.2 Parameters........................................................................................33
5.2.1 Temperatuur...............................................................................33
5.2.2 pH...............................................................................................33
5.2.3 Zuurstof......................................................................................33
5.2.4 Vochtgehalte...............................................................................34
5.2.5 Porositeit.....................................................................................34
5.3 Voorbereiding....................................................................................34
5.3.1 Aanlevering.................................................................................34
5.3.2 Voorbewerking............................................................................34
5.3.3 Compostmengsel maken............................................................34
5.4 Compost proces................................................................................34
[ii]
, 5.4.1 Optie 1: vloercompostering........................................................34
5.4.2 Optie 2: halcompostering...........................................................36
5.4.3 Optie 3: composteren in tunnels of boxen..................................36
5.5 Nabewerking.....................................................................................36
5.6 GFT-vergisting...................................................................................36
5.6.1 Voorbewerking............................................................................37
5.6.2 Vergisting....................................................................................37
5.6.3 Aerobe tunnelcompostering en vergisting..................................37
5.6.4 DRANCO......................................................................................37
5.7 Mestverwerking................................................................................39
5.7.1 Wetgevend Kader en Capaciteit.................................................39
5.7.2 Gebruikte Technieken en Capaciteit (Vlaanderen):.....................39
5.7.3 Behandeling Ruwe Mest..............................................................40
6 Storten en verbranden............................................................................42
6.1 Stortplaats categorie 1.....................................................................42
6.2 Stortplaats categorie 2.....................................................................43
6.3 Verbranding in draaitrommel ovens..................................................44
6.4 Verbranding in een roosteroven........................................................45
6.5 Verbranden in wervelbedovens.........................................................46
7 Luchtverontreiniging...............................................................................47
7.1 Stikstof bevattende gassen..............................................................47
7.1.1 NOX.............................................................................................47
7.1.2 N2O.............................................................................................47
7.1.3 NH3..............................................................................................48
7.2 Zwavel bevattende gassen...............................................................49
7.3 Niet-methaan vluchtige organische stoffen......................................50
7.4 Methaan............................................................................................50
7.5 CO2....................................................................................................51
7.6 Fijn stof.............................................................................................52
7.6.1 PM10...........................................................................................52
7.6.2 PM2.5..........................................................................................52
7.6.3 EC...............................................................................................52
7.7 Aandeel huishoudens........................................................................52
[iii]
, 7.8 Aandeel bedrijven.............................................................................52
7.9 Aandeel transport.............................................................................52
7.10 Aandeel landbouw..........................................................................54
8 Luchtzuivering.........................................................................................55
8.1 Bezinkingskamers.............................................................................55
8.2 Keerschottenontstoffer.....................................................................55
8.3 Cycloon.............................................................................................55
8.4 Mouwenfilter.....................................................................................56
8.5 Elektrofilter.......................................................................................58
8.6 Gaswasser.........................................................................................58
8.6.1 Zure wassing..............................................................................58
8.6.2 Basische wassing........................................................................59
8.6.3 Natte kalkwasser........................................................................59
8.6.4 Waterwasser...............................................................................59
8.6.5 Oliewasser..................................................................................59
8.7 Selectieve katalytische reductie.......................................................59
8.8 Actieve kool.......................................................................................59
8.9 Fakkel................................................................................................60
8.10 Biologische zuivering......................................................................60
8.10.1 Biowasser of bioscubber...........................................................60
8.10.2 Biofiltratie.................................................................................60
8.10.3 Biotricklingfilter........................................................................60
[iv]
1 Wetgeving.................................................................................................1
2 Waterverontreiniging................................................................................4
2.1 Verontreiniging....................................................................................4
2.2 Parameters van verontreiniging..........................................................4
2.2.1 Opgeloste zuurstof (D.O.).............................................................4
2.2.2 Chemisch zuurstofverbruik...........................................................4
2.2.3 Biologisch zuurstofverbruik..........................................................5
2.2.4 pH.................................................................................................6
2.2.5 Droge stof/zwevende delen..........................................................6
2.3 Nitraat.................................................................................................6
2.4 Fosfor..................................................................................................6
2.5 Vermesting..........................................................................................7
2.6 Zware metalen....................................................................................8
2.7 Ziekteverwekkers................................................................................8
2.8 Ecologische toestand van oppervlaktewater......................................8
2.9 Waterverbruik.....................................................................................8
2.10 Samenstelling afvalwater..................................................................9
3 Waterzuivering........................................................................................10
3.1 Lozingsnormen..................................................................................10
3.2 Primaire zuivering.............................................................................10
3.2.1 Egalisatiebekken.........................................................................10
3.2.2 Rooster.......................................................................................11
3.2.3 Zeven..........................................................................................11
3.2.4 Zandvang....................................................................................11
3.2.5 Vetvang.......................................................................................11
3.2.6 Bezinkingsbekken.......................................................................12
3.3 Secundaire waterzuivering...............................................................13
3.3.1 Aerobe secundaire waterzuivering.............................................13
3.3.2 Actieve slib vlok..........................................................................14
3.3.3 Membraan reactoren..................................................................15
3.3.4 Anaerobe secundaire waterzuivering..........................................16
[i]
, 3.4 Tertiaire zuivering.............................................................................17
3.4.1 Stikstofverwijdering....................................................................17
3.4.2 Fosforverwijdering......................................................................19
3.5 Desinfectie........................................................................................20
3.5.1 Langzame zand filtratie..............................................................20
3.5.2 UV-desinfectie.............................................................................20
3.5.3 Oxiderende chemicaliën.............................................................21
3.6 Slibverwerking..................................................................................21
3.6.1 Gravitaire indikker......................................................................21
3.6.2 Mechanische indikking................................................................21
3.6.3 Slibstabilistatie...........................................................................21
3.7 Kleinschalige waterzuivering............................................................21
3.7.1 Voorbehandeling.........................................................................22
3.7.2 Biologische zuivering..................................................................23
3.7.3 Pesticidenresidu’s.......................................................................27
4 Afval........................................................................................................30
5 Compostering..........................................................................................32
5.1 Biologische processen.......................................................................32
5.1.1 opstart........................................................................................33
5.1.2 hygiënisering (thermofiele fase).................................................33
5.1.3 afkoelingsfase.............................................................................33
5.1.4 rijpingsfase.................................................................................33
5.2 Parameters........................................................................................33
5.2.1 Temperatuur...............................................................................33
5.2.2 pH...............................................................................................33
5.2.3 Zuurstof......................................................................................33
5.2.4 Vochtgehalte...............................................................................34
5.2.5 Porositeit.....................................................................................34
5.3 Voorbereiding....................................................................................34
5.3.1 Aanlevering.................................................................................34
5.3.2 Voorbewerking............................................................................34
5.3.3 Compostmengsel maken............................................................34
5.4 Compost proces................................................................................34
[ii]
, 5.4.1 Optie 1: vloercompostering........................................................34
5.4.2 Optie 2: halcompostering...........................................................36
5.4.3 Optie 3: composteren in tunnels of boxen..................................36
5.5 Nabewerking.....................................................................................36
5.6 GFT-vergisting...................................................................................36
5.6.1 Voorbewerking............................................................................37
5.6.2 Vergisting....................................................................................37
5.6.3 Aerobe tunnelcompostering en vergisting..................................37
5.6.4 DRANCO......................................................................................37
5.7 Mestverwerking................................................................................39
5.7.1 Wetgevend Kader en Capaciteit.................................................39
5.7.2 Gebruikte Technieken en Capaciteit (Vlaanderen):.....................39
5.7.3 Behandeling Ruwe Mest..............................................................40
6 Storten en verbranden............................................................................42
6.1 Stortplaats categorie 1.....................................................................42
6.2 Stortplaats categorie 2.....................................................................43
6.3 Verbranding in draaitrommel ovens..................................................44
6.4 Verbranding in een roosteroven........................................................45
6.5 Verbranden in wervelbedovens.........................................................46
7 Luchtverontreiniging...............................................................................47
7.1 Stikstof bevattende gassen..............................................................47
7.1.1 NOX.............................................................................................47
7.1.2 N2O.............................................................................................47
7.1.3 NH3..............................................................................................48
7.2 Zwavel bevattende gassen...............................................................49
7.3 Niet-methaan vluchtige organische stoffen......................................50
7.4 Methaan............................................................................................50
7.5 CO2....................................................................................................51
7.6 Fijn stof.............................................................................................52
7.6.1 PM10...........................................................................................52
7.6.2 PM2.5..........................................................................................52
7.6.3 EC...............................................................................................52
7.7 Aandeel huishoudens........................................................................52
[iii]
, 7.8 Aandeel bedrijven.............................................................................52
7.9 Aandeel transport.............................................................................52
7.10 Aandeel landbouw..........................................................................54
8 Luchtzuivering.........................................................................................55
8.1 Bezinkingskamers.............................................................................55
8.2 Keerschottenontstoffer.....................................................................55
8.3 Cycloon.............................................................................................55
8.4 Mouwenfilter.....................................................................................56
8.5 Elektrofilter.......................................................................................58
8.6 Gaswasser.........................................................................................58
8.6.1 Zure wassing..............................................................................58
8.6.2 Basische wassing........................................................................59
8.6.3 Natte kalkwasser........................................................................59
8.6.4 Waterwasser...............................................................................59
8.6.5 Oliewasser..................................................................................59
8.7 Selectieve katalytische reductie.......................................................59
8.8 Actieve kool.......................................................................................59
8.9 Fakkel................................................................................................60
8.10 Biologische zuivering......................................................................60
8.10.1 Biowasser of bioscubber...........................................................60
8.10.2 Biofiltratie.................................................................................60
8.10.3 Biotricklingfilter........................................................................60
[iv]
