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Bio 411 Exam 4 Questions with Answers (100% Correct
Answers)
signaling cell Answer: cell that releases signal molecules that allow
communication with another cell
signaling molecule Answer: The carrier of information transmitted when
the signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
receptor cell Answer: a specialized cell that receives and responds to a
signaling molecule and changes its activity or behavior
receptor molecule Answer: certain protein molecules in the cell
membrane that can receive signaling molecules
endocrine signaling Answer: A type of long-distance signaling that
utilizes hormones and passes through the circulatory system
paracrine signaling Answer: the target cells lie near the secreting cells
(nearby/same tissue)
autocrine signaling Answer: the target, responding cell is also the
secreting, signaling cell
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synaptic signaling Answer: a type of local signaling specific to
neurotransmitters in nerve cells
contact-dependent signaling Answer: membrane-bound signal proteins
bind to receptor proteins on adjacent cells
intracellular receptors Answer: Only small, non polar ligands move
directly across the membrane to bind to the intracellular receptor.
membrane bound receptors Answer: Large, polar molecules bind to
receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
signaling cascade/transduction Answer: Molecular interactions that
relay signals to their final destination, resulting in a response (ie gene
expression)
phosphorylation cascade Answer: A series of enzyme-catalyzed (kinase)
phosphorylation reactions commonly used in signal transduction
pathways to amplify and convey a signal inward from the plasma
membrane.
© 2025 All rights reserved
Bio 411 Exam 4 Questions with Answers (100% Correct
Answers)
signaling cell Answer: cell that releases signal molecules that allow
communication with another cell
signaling molecule Answer: The carrier of information transmitted when
the signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
receptor cell Answer: a specialized cell that receives and responds to a
signaling molecule and changes its activity or behavior
receptor molecule Answer: certain protein molecules in the cell
membrane that can receive signaling molecules
endocrine signaling Answer: A type of long-distance signaling that
utilizes hormones and passes through the circulatory system
paracrine signaling Answer: the target cells lie near the secreting cells
(nearby/same tissue)
autocrine signaling Answer: the target, responding cell is also the
secreting, signaling cell
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2
synaptic signaling Answer: a type of local signaling specific to
neurotransmitters in nerve cells
contact-dependent signaling Answer: membrane-bound signal proteins
bind to receptor proteins on adjacent cells
intracellular receptors Answer: Only small, non polar ligands move
directly across the membrane to bind to the intracellular receptor.
membrane bound receptors Answer: Large, polar molecules bind to
receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
signaling cascade/transduction Answer: Molecular interactions that
relay signals to their final destination, resulting in a response (ie gene
expression)
phosphorylation cascade Answer: A series of enzyme-catalyzed (kinase)
phosphorylation reactions commonly used in signal transduction
pathways to amplify and convey a signal inward from the plasma
membrane.
© 2025 All rights reserved
