Table of Contents
Les 1: introductie en M&P Dynamics .................................................................................... 5
Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 5
Opzet vak ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Het speelveld volgens Wolfsfeld .................................................................................................... 6
M&P dynamieken .......................................................................................................................... 7
“De tango” tussen politici en journalisten .......................................................................................................... 8
“Politics comes first” .................................................................................................................... 9
“oude” en “nieuwe” media ............................................................................................................ 9
Actieve rol media? ........................................................................................................................ 9
(Traditionele) media logica ................................................................................................................................ 9
…In the age of social media ............................................................................................................................. 11
Media-eIecten ........................................................................................................................... 11
Vijf principes .............................................................................................................................. 12
Les 2: principe 1 – political power en media power .............................................................. 13
Uitgangspunten van Wolfsfeld (herhaling) .................................................................................... 13
Mediatoegang ............................................................................................................................. 13
Toegang tot de traditionele media (indexing) ..................................................................................................... 13
Journalistiek in ondemocratische regimes ................................................................................... 16
Maria Repnikova (2018): Contesting the State under authoritarianism: critical journalists in China and Russia .... 16
Sociale media en macht .............................................................................................................. 18
Onderzoek Van Aelst et al.: domineren zij die traditionele media domineren, ook de sociale media? ................... 18
Rodarte en Lukito (2025): Does Social Media Level the Political Field or Reinforce Existing Inequalities?
Cartographies of the 2022 Brazilian Election .................................................................................................... 18
Deavours et al. (2024). “It’s just as whitewashed as ever”: social media sourcing as a diversification tool for
journalists ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Andere actoren, zelfde logica ...................................................................................................... 19
Casus: sociale bewegingen (= andere politieke actor) ....................................................................................... 19
Oplossing: protest ...................................................................................................................... 19
Levert de “back door” aandacht op? ................................................................................................................ 20
Het nadeel van de achterdeur ......................................................................................................................... 20
Wat voor aandacht krijgt protest? .................................................................................................................... 20
The ‘side door’ ............................................................................................................................ 23
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Sociale media: herverdelers van de macht? ................................................................................. 24
Het principe van cumulatieve ongelijkheid ................................................................................... 24
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 24
Les 3: Principe 2 - Losing political control ........................................................................... 25
3 aspecten van politieke omgeving .............................................................................................. 25
Controle verliezen: geen probleem voor autoritaire regimes? ............................................................................ 25
1
, De PMP-Cyclus ........................................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld: Vietnamoorlog............................................................................................................................... 26
Sociale media en verlies van politieke controle ............................................................................ 27
Iran 2009: “Twitter Revolutie” .......................................................................................................................... 27
Arabische Lente 2011: “Facebook Revolutie” ................................................................................................... 28
Conclusies ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Politieke controle en media (on)afhankelijkheid ........................................................................... 29
Totale afhankelijkheid: Rally ‘round the flag edect ............................................................................................ 29
Totale onafhankelijkheid: citizen journalism ..................................................................................................... 30
Totale onafhankelijkheid: investgative journalism ............................................................................................. 31
Les 4: Principe 3 – bias ....................................................................................................... 34
Media bias .................................................................................................................................. 34
Cultural bias ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Partisan bias................................................................................................................................................... 37
Les 5: Principe 4 – telling good stories and its impact........................................................... 40
What makes a good story? ........................................................................................................... 40
Soorten nieuws & “good stories” ..................................................................................................................... 41
Commercial & audience logic? ........................................................................................................................ 41
Impact van commercial logica ..................................................................................................... 42
Casus 1: de politieke “horse race” ................................................................................................................... 43
Casus 2: desinformatie ................................................................................................................................... 43
Casus 3: berichtgeving terrorisme ................................................................................................................... 44
Verdieping 1: media populisme .................................................................................................... 46
Succes populisme .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Wat is populisme? .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Populistische communicatie ........................................................................................................................... 47
Empirie .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Media populisme ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Media populisme doorheen de tijd ................................................................................................................... 52
Media populisme: burgerperspectief ............................................................................................................... 53
Conclusie media populisme............................................................................................................................ 53
Link principe 4 en media populisme ............................................................................................. 53
Les 6: Verdieping 2 - Political incivility ................................................................................ 54
Wat is political (in)civility?........................................................................................................... 54
Conceptualisering van Political Incivility (Muddiman) ....................................................................................... 55
Incivility actors ............................................................................................................................................... 56
Communicator 1: Politici of politieke actoren ............................................................................... 56
Enkele evoluties doorheen de tijd .................................................................................................................... 56
Belang van contextuele factoren...................................................................................................................... 57
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................................ 57
Conclusie politieke actoren............................................................................................................................. 59
Communicator 2: Media .............................................................................................................. 59
Het verspreiden van political incivility .............................................................................................................. 59
Communicator 3: Burgers ............................................................................................................ 62
Enkele cijfers en inzichten ............................................................................................................................... 62
2
, Politici als target ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Gevolgen van politici als target ........................................................................................................................ 63
Conclusie: burgers en algemeen .................................................................................................. 63
Les 7: Unintentional and unnoticed eHects ......................................................................... 64
Principe 5 ................................................................................................................................... 64
Media-edecten ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Media-eIecten op attitudes en gedrag: agendasetting .................................................................. 65
Basisidee ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
Grondleggers: McCombs & Shaw (1972) .......................................................................................................... 65
Memory based mechanisme ........................................................................................................................... 66
Edecten op attitudes en gedrag ....................................................................................................................... 66
Publieke agenda-setting in een digital age ........................................................................................................ 66
Publieke vs. Politieke agenda-setting ............................................................................................................... 67
Grenzen van media-invloed ............................................................................................................................. 67
Conditionele edecten (Walgrave & Van Aelst, 2006) .......................................................................................... 68
Boukes (2019): satire als agenda-setter ........................................................................................ 68
Waarom dit onderzoek? .................................................................................................................................. 68
Case: TTIP en Zondag met Lubach ................................................................................................................... 69
Onderzoeksopzet: drie studies ........................................................................................................................ 69
Resultaten en Conclusies ............................................................................................................................... 69
Priming (burgers)......................................................................................................................... 70
Mechanisme .................................................................................................................................................. 70
Druckman: Priming the vote (2004) .................................................................................................................. 70
Politieke implicaties ........................................................................................................................................ 70
Framing (burgers) ........................................................................................................................ 71
Mechanisme van framing ................................................................................................................................ 71
Meyers & Gattermann (2025). Framing election results ..................................................................................... 71
Framing-edecten meer algemeen .................................................................................................................... 71
Verdieping 3: Authenticiteit ................................................................................................ 72
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Personalisering (Balmas et al., 2014; Van Aelst et al., 2012) .............................................................................. 72
Rol: persoonlijkheidskenmerken politici .......................................................................................................... 72
Debat persoonlijkheidskenmerken .................................................................................................................. 72
Authenticiteit ............................................................................................................................. 74
Authenticiteit in verschillende disciplines ........................................................................................................ 74
authenciteit Binnen politicologie en politieke communicatie ............................................................................ 74
Een paradoxaal & complex concept met veel open vragen ............................................................ 75
is Authenciteit een apart kenmerk? .................................................................................................................. 75
Correlatie maar niet noodzakelijk .................................................................................................................... 75
Generieke dimensies van authenticiteit (Luebke, 2021) .................................................................................... 76
Definities: Unieke invulling per persoon?.......................................................................................................... 76
Media-eIecten op politieke kennis .............................................................................................. 76
Klassieke determinanten van kennis (Barabas et al. 2014) ................................................................................ 76
Typologie van politieke kennis ......................................................................................................................... 77
Politieke kennis & sociale media.................................................................................................. 77
Van Erkel & Van Aelst (2020) Why don't we learn from social media: Survey ....................................................... 78
3
, Les 8: Politicultural linking ................................................................................................. 79
Kernbegrip: Politicultural Linking (PL)........................................................................................... 79
Wat betekent het dat iets “politiek” is? ............................................................................................................. 79
De axioma-benadering: een slimme oplossing ................................................................................................. 79
Drawing the line of "Political Traits" .................................................................................................................. 80
Relaties tussen politieke en apolitieke traits ..................................................................................................... 81
Hoe ontstaan zulke associaties? ..................................................................................................................... 81
wat zijn inferential strategies?.......................................................................................................................... 81
Inferential directions ....................................................................................................................................... 82
Politicultural Linking ....................................................................................................................................... 83
Eerste Empirische toetsing van PL ................................................................................................................... 84
Tweede empirische toetsing van PL ................................................................................................................. 86
Political Inferences in the Wild .................................................................................................... 87
Data & Methode: Visual Conjoint Experiment (VIPOP Survey) ............................................................................ 87
Resultaten: “The Political Beats the Apolitical”................................................................................................. 87
Trojan Horses and Optical Illusions.............................................................................................. 88
Data & Methode: Parallel Design Conjoint Experiment ...................................................................................... 88
Resultaten: Zijn politieke inferenties sociaal consequential? ............................................................................ 88
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................................... 88
Algemene conclusies .................................................................................................................. 88
Les 9: Media & Politiek in de praktijk ................................................................................... 89
Vroeger was alles beter? ............................................................................................................. 89
Wisselwerking ............................................................................................................................ 89
Politiek & Traditionele Media ....................................................................................................... 89
Politiek & Social Media ................................................................................................................ 89
Race to the bottom? .................................................................................................................... 90
4
Les 1: introductie en M&P Dynamics .................................................................................... 5
Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 5
Opzet vak ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Het speelveld volgens Wolfsfeld .................................................................................................... 6
M&P dynamieken .......................................................................................................................... 7
“De tango” tussen politici en journalisten .......................................................................................................... 8
“Politics comes first” .................................................................................................................... 9
“oude” en “nieuwe” media ............................................................................................................ 9
Actieve rol media? ........................................................................................................................ 9
(Traditionele) media logica ................................................................................................................................ 9
…In the age of social media ............................................................................................................................. 11
Media-eIecten ........................................................................................................................... 11
Vijf principes .............................................................................................................................. 12
Les 2: principe 1 – political power en media power .............................................................. 13
Uitgangspunten van Wolfsfeld (herhaling) .................................................................................... 13
Mediatoegang ............................................................................................................................. 13
Toegang tot de traditionele media (indexing) ..................................................................................................... 13
Journalistiek in ondemocratische regimes ................................................................................... 16
Maria Repnikova (2018): Contesting the State under authoritarianism: critical journalists in China and Russia .... 16
Sociale media en macht .............................................................................................................. 18
Onderzoek Van Aelst et al.: domineren zij die traditionele media domineren, ook de sociale media? ................... 18
Rodarte en Lukito (2025): Does Social Media Level the Political Field or Reinforce Existing Inequalities?
Cartographies of the 2022 Brazilian Election .................................................................................................... 18
Deavours et al. (2024). “It’s just as whitewashed as ever”: social media sourcing as a diversification tool for
journalists ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Andere actoren, zelfde logica ...................................................................................................... 19
Casus: sociale bewegingen (= andere politieke actor) ....................................................................................... 19
Oplossing: protest ...................................................................................................................... 19
Levert de “back door” aandacht op? ................................................................................................................ 20
Het nadeel van de achterdeur ......................................................................................................................... 20
Wat voor aandacht krijgt protest? .................................................................................................................... 20
The ‘side door’ ............................................................................................................................ 23
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Sociale media: herverdelers van de macht? ................................................................................. 24
Het principe van cumulatieve ongelijkheid ................................................................................... 24
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 24
Les 3: Principe 2 - Losing political control ........................................................................... 25
3 aspecten van politieke omgeving .............................................................................................. 25
Controle verliezen: geen probleem voor autoritaire regimes? ............................................................................ 25
1
, De PMP-Cyclus ........................................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld: Vietnamoorlog............................................................................................................................... 26
Sociale media en verlies van politieke controle ............................................................................ 27
Iran 2009: “Twitter Revolutie” .......................................................................................................................... 27
Arabische Lente 2011: “Facebook Revolutie” ................................................................................................... 28
Conclusies ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Politieke controle en media (on)afhankelijkheid ........................................................................... 29
Totale afhankelijkheid: Rally ‘round the flag edect ............................................................................................ 29
Totale onafhankelijkheid: citizen journalism ..................................................................................................... 30
Totale onafhankelijkheid: investgative journalism ............................................................................................. 31
Les 4: Principe 3 – bias ....................................................................................................... 34
Media bias .................................................................................................................................. 34
Cultural bias ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Partisan bias................................................................................................................................................... 37
Les 5: Principe 4 – telling good stories and its impact........................................................... 40
What makes a good story? ........................................................................................................... 40
Soorten nieuws & “good stories” ..................................................................................................................... 41
Commercial & audience logic? ........................................................................................................................ 41
Impact van commercial logica ..................................................................................................... 42
Casus 1: de politieke “horse race” ................................................................................................................... 43
Casus 2: desinformatie ................................................................................................................................... 43
Casus 3: berichtgeving terrorisme ................................................................................................................... 44
Verdieping 1: media populisme .................................................................................................... 46
Succes populisme .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Wat is populisme? .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Populistische communicatie ........................................................................................................................... 47
Empirie .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Media populisme ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Media populisme doorheen de tijd ................................................................................................................... 52
Media populisme: burgerperspectief ............................................................................................................... 53
Conclusie media populisme............................................................................................................................ 53
Link principe 4 en media populisme ............................................................................................. 53
Les 6: Verdieping 2 - Political incivility ................................................................................ 54
Wat is political (in)civility?........................................................................................................... 54
Conceptualisering van Political Incivility (Muddiman) ....................................................................................... 55
Incivility actors ............................................................................................................................................... 56
Communicator 1: Politici of politieke actoren ............................................................................... 56
Enkele evoluties doorheen de tijd .................................................................................................................... 56
Belang van contextuele factoren...................................................................................................................... 57
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................................ 57
Conclusie politieke actoren............................................................................................................................. 59
Communicator 2: Media .............................................................................................................. 59
Het verspreiden van political incivility .............................................................................................................. 59
Communicator 3: Burgers ............................................................................................................ 62
Enkele cijfers en inzichten ............................................................................................................................... 62
2
, Politici als target ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Gevolgen van politici als target ........................................................................................................................ 63
Conclusie: burgers en algemeen .................................................................................................. 63
Les 7: Unintentional and unnoticed eHects ......................................................................... 64
Principe 5 ................................................................................................................................... 64
Media-edecten ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Media-eIecten op attitudes en gedrag: agendasetting .................................................................. 65
Basisidee ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
Grondleggers: McCombs & Shaw (1972) .......................................................................................................... 65
Memory based mechanisme ........................................................................................................................... 66
Edecten op attitudes en gedrag ....................................................................................................................... 66
Publieke agenda-setting in een digital age ........................................................................................................ 66
Publieke vs. Politieke agenda-setting ............................................................................................................... 67
Grenzen van media-invloed ............................................................................................................................. 67
Conditionele edecten (Walgrave & Van Aelst, 2006) .......................................................................................... 68
Boukes (2019): satire als agenda-setter ........................................................................................ 68
Waarom dit onderzoek? .................................................................................................................................. 68
Case: TTIP en Zondag met Lubach ................................................................................................................... 69
Onderzoeksopzet: drie studies ........................................................................................................................ 69
Resultaten en Conclusies ............................................................................................................................... 69
Priming (burgers)......................................................................................................................... 70
Mechanisme .................................................................................................................................................. 70
Druckman: Priming the vote (2004) .................................................................................................................. 70
Politieke implicaties ........................................................................................................................................ 70
Framing (burgers) ........................................................................................................................ 71
Mechanisme van framing ................................................................................................................................ 71
Meyers & Gattermann (2025). Framing election results ..................................................................................... 71
Framing-edecten meer algemeen .................................................................................................................... 71
Verdieping 3: Authenticiteit ................................................................................................ 72
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Personalisering (Balmas et al., 2014; Van Aelst et al., 2012) .............................................................................. 72
Rol: persoonlijkheidskenmerken politici .......................................................................................................... 72
Debat persoonlijkheidskenmerken .................................................................................................................. 72
Authenticiteit ............................................................................................................................. 74
Authenticiteit in verschillende disciplines ........................................................................................................ 74
authenciteit Binnen politicologie en politieke communicatie ............................................................................ 74
Een paradoxaal & complex concept met veel open vragen ............................................................ 75
is Authenciteit een apart kenmerk? .................................................................................................................. 75
Correlatie maar niet noodzakelijk .................................................................................................................... 75
Generieke dimensies van authenticiteit (Luebke, 2021) .................................................................................... 76
Definities: Unieke invulling per persoon?.......................................................................................................... 76
Media-eIecten op politieke kennis .............................................................................................. 76
Klassieke determinanten van kennis (Barabas et al. 2014) ................................................................................ 76
Typologie van politieke kennis ......................................................................................................................... 77
Politieke kennis & sociale media.................................................................................................. 77
Van Erkel & Van Aelst (2020) Why don't we learn from social media: Survey ....................................................... 78
3
, Les 8: Politicultural linking ................................................................................................. 79
Kernbegrip: Politicultural Linking (PL)........................................................................................... 79
Wat betekent het dat iets “politiek” is? ............................................................................................................. 79
De axioma-benadering: een slimme oplossing ................................................................................................. 79
Drawing the line of "Political Traits" .................................................................................................................. 80
Relaties tussen politieke en apolitieke traits ..................................................................................................... 81
Hoe ontstaan zulke associaties? ..................................................................................................................... 81
wat zijn inferential strategies?.......................................................................................................................... 81
Inferential directions ....................................................................................................................................... 82
Politicultural Linking ....................................................................................................................................... 83
Eerste Empirische toetsing van PL ................................................................................................................... 84
Tweede empirische toetsing van PL ................................................................................................................. 86
Political Inferences in the Wild .................................................................................................... 87
Data & Methode: Visual Conjoint Experiment (VIPOP Survey) ............................................................................ 87
Resultaten: “The Political Beats the Apolitical”................................................................................................. 87
Trojan Horses and Optical Illusions.............................................................................................. 88
Data & Methode: Parallel Design Conjoint Experiment ...................................................................................... 88
Resultaten: Zijn politieke inferenties sociaal consequential? ............................................................................ 88
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................................... 88
Algemene conclusies .................................................................................................................. 88
Les 9: Media & Politiek in de praktijk ................................................................................... 89
Vroeger was alles beter? ............................................................................................................. 89
Wisselwerking ............................................................................................................................ 89
Politiek & Traditionele Media ....................................................................................................... 89
Politiek & Social Media ................................................................................................................ 89
Race to the bottom? .................................................................................................................... 90
4
