PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW!!
Endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections.
Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by:
A. Vegetative valve destruction
B. Left ventricle hypertrophy
C. Myocardial inflammation
D. Chronic atrial fibrillation - ANSWER-A. Vegetative valve destruction
The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart
vessels is:
A. Fibrous plaque
B. Ulceration
C. Fatty streaks
D. Thrombosis - ANSWER-D. Thrombosis
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of primary
hypertension?
A. Male gender
B. African American race
C. High salt intake
,D. Obesity - ANSWER-B. African American race
Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has
been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of
the following consequences?
A. Backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole
B. Inhibition of the SA node's normal action potential
C. Backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium
D. Backup of blood from the right atrium into the superior vena cava - ANSWER-C. Backflow
from the left ventricle to the left atrium
The client is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg
discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the midcalf area. He has
many of the manifestations of:
A. Deep vein thrombosis
B. Arterial insufficiency
C. Primary varicose veins
D. Stasis ulcerations - ANSWER-A. Deep vein thrombosis
Which of the following clients would be at high risk for developing primary varicose veins?
Select all that apply:
A. A 56-year-old male who has been immobile due to back surgery and has developed a deep
vein thrombosis
B. A 47-year-old waitress who works 12-hour shifts three or four times/week
C. A Marathon runner who has completed three marathons in the past 3 months
,D. A morbidly obese (>100 pounds overweight) male who works behind the counter of a
convenience store 10 hours/day, 5 days/week
E. A new peritoneal dialysis client who has been utilizing a home machine and performing
dialysis every evening beginning at 8 PM - ANSWER-B & D
When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart
failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:
A. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
B. The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute
C. The volume of blood stretching the heart muscle at the end of diastole
D. Strength of the right ventricular pump to move blood - ANSWER-B. The amount of blood the
heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for Cardiac output? - ANSWER-Cardiac output= HR x stroke volume
Which of the following lab results strongly suggest an immunologic response in the client with
possible rheumatic heart disease?
A. Group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcal antibodies
B. Elevated white blood cell count
C. High C-reactive protein levels
D. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - ANSWER-A. Group A (beta-hemolytic)
streptococcal antibodies
A male client with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with
uncharacteristic chest pain, and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding
suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?
, A. Depolarization of the AV node
B. Atrial depolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization
D. Ventricular repolarization - ANSWER-D. Ventricular repolarization
Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an
event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders
was the player's most likely cause of death?
A. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
C. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D)
D. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
A client is admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction. The nurse
should assess for which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.
A. Orthopnea
B. Dyspnea
C. Excess abdominal fluid
D. Fainting
E. Extreme fatigue with activity - ANSWER-A, B, E
A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of
40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW!!
Endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections.
Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by:
A. Vegetative valve destruction
B. Left ventricle hypertrophy
C. Myocardial inflammation
D. Chronic atrial fibrillation - ANSWER-A. Vegetative valve destruction
The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart
vessels is:
A. Fibrous plaque
B. Ulceration
C. Fatty streaks
D. Thrombosis - ANSWER-D. Thrombosis
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of primary
hypertension?
A. Male gender
B. African American race
C. High salt intake
,D. Obesity - ANSWER-B. African American race
Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has
been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of
the following consequences?
A. Backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole
B. Inhibition of the SA node's normal action potential
C. Backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium
D. Backup of blood from the right atrium into the superior vena cava - ANSWER-C. Backflow
from the left ventricle to the left atrium
The client is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg
discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the midcalf area. He has
many of the manifestations of:
A. Deep vein thrombosis
B. Arterial insufficiency
C. Primary varicose veins
D. Stasis ulcerations - ANSWER-A. Deep vein thrombosis
Which of the following clients would be at high risk for developing primary varicose veins?
Select all that apply:
A. A 56-year-old male who has been immobile due to back surgery and has developed a deep
vein thrombosis
B. A 47-year-old waitress who works 12-hour shifts three or four times/week
C. A Marathon runner who has completed three marathons in the past 3 months
,D. A morbidly obese (>100 pounds overweight) male who works behind the counter of a
convenience store 10 hours/day, 5 days/week
E. A new peritoneal dialysis client who has been utilizing a home machine and performing
dialysis every evening beginning at 8 PM - ANSWER-B & D
When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart
failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:
A. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
B. The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute
C. The volume of blood stretching the heart muscle at the end of diastole
D. Strength of the right ventricular pump to move blood - ANSWER-B. The amount of blood the
heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for Cardiac output? - ANSWER-Cardiac output= HR x stroke volume
Which of the following lab results strongly suggest an immunologic response in the client with
possible rheumatic heart disease?
A. Group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcal antibodies
B. Elevated white blood cell count
C. High C-reactive protein levels
D. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - ANSWER-A. Group A (beta-hemolytic)
streptococcal antibodies
A male client with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with
uncharacteristic chest pain, and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding
suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?
, A. Depolarization of the AV node
B. Atrial depolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization
D. Ventricular repolarization - ANSWER-D. Ventricular repolarization
Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an
event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders
was the player's most likely cause of death?
A. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
C. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D)
D. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
A client is admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction. The nurse
should assess for which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.
A. Orthopnea
B. Dyspnea
C. Excess abdominal fluid
D. Fainting
E. Extreme fatigue with activity - ANSWER-A, B, E
A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of
40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:
