CONSUMENTENRECHT
2025-2026
Gedoceerd door Reinhard Steennot
1e Master
,1 Consumentenrecht in de EU .............................................................................................5
1.1 Omzetting EU-recht..................................................................................................5
1.2 Hoog beschermingsniveau .......................................................................................6
1.3 Harmonisatie ...........................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Minimale harmonisatie .........................................................................................6
1.3.2 Maximale harmonisatie ........................................................................................8
1.3.3 Kritiek ..................................................................................................................9
2 Consumentenrecht in het WER – boek VI ......................................................................... 10
2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Belangrijke begrippen ............................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Diensten ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Goederen........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Gemengde overeenkomsten ............................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Digitale inhoud en digitale diensten .................................................................... 13
2.2.5 Producten .......................................................................................................... 14
2.2.6 Consument ........................................................................................................ 14
2.2.7 Onderneming ..................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Territoriaal toepassingsgebied – Rome I Vo .............................................................. 21
2.3.1 Bijzondere verwijzingsregel - art. 6 Rome I Vo....................................................... 21
2.3.1.1 Geldig doch onrechtmatig rechtskeuzebeding ............................................. 23
2.3.2 Bijzondere bevoegdheidsregel – Brussel Ibis Vo ................................................... 24
2.3.2.1 Geldig doch onrechtmatig forumkeuzebeding .............................................. 24
2.3.3 Pre-contractuele aspecten ................................................................................. 25
2.3.4 Handelspraktijken .............................................................................................. 26
3 Onrechtmatige bedingen ................................................................................................ 26
3.1 Bindende kracht algemene voorwaarden ................................................................ 26
3.1.1 Impact van andere regelen ................................................................................. 27
3.2 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 28
3.3 Onrechtmatige bedingen: algemene structuur ........................................................ 30
3.4 Uitsluiting van kernbedingen (art VI.82 WER) ........................................................... 31
3.4.1 Materiële transparantie ...................................................................................... 31
3.5 Zwarte lijst ............................................................................................................. 34
3.5.1 éénzijdige wijzigingsbedingen ten nadele van de consument – art. VI.83 WER ....... 34
3.5.2 beëindiging (opzegging) door onderneming ......................................................... 35
3.5.3 bedingen waarbij de onderneming aan de consument de ENAC-mogelijkheid
ontneemt - artikel VI.83, 9° WER...................................................................................... 36
1
, 3.5.4 schadebedingen – art. VI.83, 17° WER ................................................................. 36
3.5.5 bedingen die onderneming ontslaan van aansprakelijkheid – art. VI.83, 13° WER . 41
3.5.6 stilzwijgende verlenging – art. VI.83, 19° en 20° + VI.91 WER ................................. 42
3.5.7 beding tot afstand van verhaal – art. VI.83, 22° WER ............................................. 45
3.5.8 bevoegdheidsbeding – art. VI.83, 23° WER........................................................... 45
3.5.9 bedingen m.b.t. bewijs – VI.83, 21° WER .............................................................. 46
3.6 Algemene toetsingsnorm........................................................................................ 47
3.6.1 Beoordelingscriteria ........................................................................................... 47
3.6.2 Beoordelingscriteria toegevoegd door RS HvJ ...................................................... 49
3.6.3 Toepassingen ..................................................................................................... 50
3.7 Ambtshalve opwerping oneerlijk karakter ................................................................ 50
3.8 Sanctionering – art. VI.84 WER ................................................................................ 52
3.8.1 Nietigheid van het beding (=/= overeenkomst) ..................................................... 52
3.8.2 Rol suppletief recht na vernietiging ..................................................................... 54
3.8.3 Terugbetalingsverplichting .................................................................................. 55
4 Consumentenkoop – garantie ......................................................................................... 56
4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 56
4.2 Definities en toepassingsgebied – 1649bis OBW ...................................................... 58
4.2.1 Consument ........................................................................................................ 58
4.2.2 Verkoper ............................................................................................................ 58
4.2.3 Consumptiegoed ............................................................................................... 59
4.2.4 Verkoop en aanneming ....................................................................................... 61
4.3 Wettelijke garantie – art. 1649quater OBW .............................................................. 63
4.3.1 Conformiteitscriteria – art. 1649ter OBW ............................................................. 64
4.3.2 Garantietermijn – art. 1649quater OBW ............................................................... 66
4.3.3 Anterioriteitsvereiste – art. 1649quater OBW ....................................................... 67
4.3.4 Overige termijnen – art. 1649quater OBW ............................................................ 68
4.4 Rechtsmiddelen – art. 1649quinquies OBW ............................................................ 69
4.4.1 Herstel en vervanging ......................................................................................... 69
4.4.2 Evenredige prijsvermindering of ontbinding ......................................................... 72
4.4.3 Aanvullende schadevergoeding .......................................................................... 74
4.4.4 Miskenning rechtsmiddelenhiërarchie ................................................................ 74
4.5 Commerciële garantie – art 1649septies OBW......................................................... 76
5 Garantie digitale inhoud en digitale diensten ................................................................... 77
5.1 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 77
5.2 Conformiteit .......................................................................................................... 78
2
, 5.2.1 Objectieve conformiteitscriteria ......................................................................... 78
5.2.2 Subjectieve conformiteitscriteria ........................................................................ 79
5.2.3 Onderscheid garantieregeling goederen .............................................................. 79
5.3 Remedies .............................................................................................................. 80
6 Invordering consumentenschulden ................................................................................. 81
6.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 81
6.2 Toepassingsgebied boek XIX WER ........................................................................... 81
6.3 Kosteloze betalingsherinnering ............................................................................... 83
6.4 Begrenzing schadevergoeding – art. XIX.4 WER ........................................................ 86
6.5 Minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.5 WER .................................................................... 88
6.6 Start activiteit van minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.7 WER........................................ 88
6.7 Opschorting van minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.9 WER .......................................... 89
6.8 Bijzondere regelen huisbezoek – art. XIX.10 WER ..................................................... 90
6.9 Privaatrechtelijke sanctionering – artt. XIX.14-15 WER ............................................. 91
6.10 Regeerakkoord ....................................................................................................... 92
6.11 B2C IOS ................................................................................................................. 92
7 Overeenkomsten op afstand / buiten verkoopruimte ........................................................ 93
7.1 Inleiding – ratio legis ............................................................................................... 94
7.2 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 94
7.2.1 Overeenkomst op afstand................................................................................... 95
7.2.2 Buiten verkoopruimte gesloten overeenkomst ..................................................... 96
7.3 Informatieverplichtingen ........................................................................................ 98
7.3.1 Inhoud – art. VI.45 WER ...................................................................................... 98
7.3.2 Precontractueel ............................................................................................... 100
7.3.3 Bevestiging overeenkomst ................................................................................ 103
7.3.4 Sancties miskenning informatieplichten ........................................................... 104
7.4 Herroepingsrecht ................................................................................................. 105
7.4.1 Uitoefening HR ................................................................................................. 106
7.4.2 Ecologische impact .......................................................................................... 110
7.4.3 Schade gedurende HT ...................................................................................... 111
7.4.4 Verplichtingen onderneming ............................................................................. 112
7.4.5 Uitzonderingen op HR....................................................................................... 112
8 Consumentenovereenkomsten – algemeen ................................................................... 115
8.1 Precontractuele informatie ................................................................................... 116
8.2 In de marge: prijsaanduiding................................................................................. 118
8.3 Transparantieverplichting ..................................................................................... 119
3
2025-2026
Gedoceerd door Reinhard Steennot
1e Master
,1 Consumentenrecht in de EU .............................................................................................5
1.1 Omzetting EU-recht..................................................................................................5
1.2 Hoog beschermingsniveau .......................................................................................6
1.3 Harmonisatie ...........................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Minimale harmonisatie .........................................................................................6
1.3.2 Maximale harmonisatie ........................................................................................8
1.3.3 Kritiek ..................................................................................................................9
2 Consumentenrecht in het WER – boek VI ......................................................................... 10
2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Belangrijke begrippen ............................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Diensten ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Goederen........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Gemengde overeenkomsten ............................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Digitale inhoud en digitale diensten .................................................................... 13
2.2.5 Producten .......................................................................................................... 14
2.2.6 Consument ........................................................................................................ 14
2.2.7 Onderneming ..................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Territoriaal toepassingsgebied – Rome I Vo .............................................................. 21
2.3.1 Bijzondere verwijzingsregel - art. 6 Rome I Vo....................................................... 21
2.3.1.1 Geldig doch onrechtmatig rechtskeuzebeding ............................................. 23
2.3.2 Bijzondere bevoegdheidsregel – Brussel Ibis Vo ................................................... 24
2.3.2.1 Geldig doch onrechtmatig forumkeuzebeding .............................................. 24
2.3.3 Pre-contractuele aspecten ................................................................................. 25
2.3.4 Handelspraktijken .............................................................................................. 26
3 Onrechtmatige bedingen ................................................................................................ 26
3.1 Bindende kracht algemene voorwaarden ................................................................ 26
3.1.1 Impact van andere regelen ................................................................................. 27
3.2 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 28
3.3 Onrechtmatige bedingen: algemene structuur ........................................................ 30
3.4 Uitsluiting van kernbedingen (art VI.82 WER) ........................................................... 31
3.4.1 Materiële transparantie ...................................................................................... 31
3.5 Zwarte lijst ............................................................................................................. 34
3.5.1 éénzijdige wijzigingsbedingen ten nadele van de consument – art. VI.83 WER ....... 34
3.5.2 beëindiging (opzegging) door onderneming ......................................................... 35
3.5.3 bedingen waarbij de onderneming aan de consument de ENAC-mogelijkheid
ontneemt - artikel VI.83, 9° WER...................................................................................... 36
1
, 3.5.4 schadebedingen – art. VI.83, 17° WER ................................................................. 36
3.5.5 bedingen die onderneming ontslaan van aansprakelijkheid – art. VI.83, 13° WER . 41
3.5.6 stilzwijgende verlenging – art. VI.83, 19° en 20° + VI.91 WER ................................. 42
3.5.7 beding tot afstand van verhaal – art. VI.83, 22° WER ............................................. 45
3.5.8 bevoegdheidsbeding – art. VI.83, 23° WER........................................................... 45
3.5.9 bedingen m.b.t. bewijs – VI.83, 21° WER .............................................................. 46
3.6 Algemene toetsingsnorm........................................................................................ 47
3.6.1 Beoordelingscriteria ........................................................................................... 47
3.6.2 Beoordelingscriteria toegevoegd door RS HvJ ...................................................... 49
3.6.3 Toepassingen ..................................................................................................... 50
3.7 Ambtshalve opwerping oneerlijk karakter ................................................................ 50
3.8 Sanctionering – art. VI.84 WER ................................................................................ 52
3.8.1 Nietigheid van het beding (=/= overeenkomst) ..................................................... 52
3.8.2 Rol suppletief recht na vernietiging ..................................................................... 54
3.8.3 Terugbetalingsverplichting .................................................................................. 55
4 Consumentenkoop – garantie ......................................................................................... 56
4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 56
4.2 Definities en toepassingsgebied – 1649bis OBW ...................................................... 58
4.2.1 Consument ........................................................................................................ 58
4.2.2 Verkoper ............................................................................................................ 58
4.2.3 Consumptiegoed ............................................................................................... 59
4.2.4 Verkoop en aanneming ....................................................................................... 61
4.3 Wettelijke garantie – art. 1649quater OBW .............................................................. 63
4.3.1 Conformiteitscriteria – art. 1649ter OBW ............................................................. 64
4.3.2 Garantietermijn – art. 1649quater OBW ............................................................... 66
4.3.3 Anterioriteitsvereiste – art. 1649quater OBW ....................................................... 67
4.3.4 Overige termijnen – art. 1649quater OBW ............................................................ 68
4.4 Rechtsmiddelen – art. 1649quinquies OBW ............................................................ 69
4.4.1 Herstel en vervanging ......................................................................................... 69
4.4.2 Evenredige prijsvermindering of ontbinding ......................................................... 72
4.4.3 Aanvullende schadevergoeding .......................................................................... 74
4.4.4 Miskenning rechtsmiddelenhiërarchie ................................................................ 74
4.5 Commerciële garantie – art 1649septies OBW......................................................... 76
5 Garantie digitale inhoud en digitale diensten ................................................................... 77
5.1 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 77
5.2 Conformiteit .......................................................................................................... 78
2
, 5.2.1 Objectieve conformiteitscriteria ......................................................................... 78
5.2.2 Subjectieve conformiteitscriteria ........................................................................ 79
5.2.3 Onderscheid garantieregeling goederen .............................................................. 79
5.3 Remedies .............................................................................................................. 80
6 Invordering consumentenschulden ................................................................................. 81
6.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 81
6.2 Toepassingsgebied boek XIX WER ........................................................................... 81
6.3 Kosteloze betalingsherinnering ............................................................................... 83
6.4 Begrenzing schadevergoeding – art. XIX.4 WER ........................................................ 86
6.5 Minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.5 WER .................................................................... 88
6.6 Start activiteit van minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.7 WER........................................ 88
6.7 Opschorting van minnelijke invordering – art. XIX.9 WER .......................................... 89
6.8 Bijzondere regelen huisbezoek – art. XIX.10 WER ..................................................... 90
6.9 Privaatrechtelijke sanctionering – artt. XIX.14-15 WER ............................................. 91
6.10 Regeerakkoord ....................................................................................................... 92
6.11 B2C IOS ................................................................................................................. 92
7 Overeenkomsten op afstand / buiten verkoopruimte ........................................................ 93
7.1 Inleiding – ratio legis ............................................................................................... 94
7.2 Toepassingsgebied ................................................................................................. 94
7.2.1 Overeenkomst op afstand................................................................................... 95
7.2.2 Buiten verkoopruimte gesloten overeenkomst ..................................................... 96
7.3 Informatieverplichtingen ........................................................................................ 98
7.3.1 Inhoud – art. VI.45 WER ...................................................................................... 98
7.3.2 Precontractueel ............................................................................................... 100
7.3.3 Bevestiging overeenkomst ................................................................................ 103
7.3.4 Sancties miskenning informatieplichten ........................................................... 104
7.4 Herroepingsrecht ................................................................................................. 105
7.4.1 Uitoefening HR ................................................................................................. 106
7.4.2 Ecologische impact .......................................................................................... 110
7.4.3 Schade gedurende HT ...................................................................................... 111
7.4.4 Verplichtingen onderneming ............................................................................. 112
7.4.5 Uitzonderingen op HR....................................................................................... 112
8 Consumentenovereenkomsten – algemeen ................................................................... 115
8.1 Precontractuele informatie ................................................................................... 116
8.2 In de marge: prijsaanduiding................................................................................. 118
8.3 Transparantieverplichting ..................................................................................... 119
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