VRIJHEID, BURGERSCHAP EN
DEMOCRATIE
Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................................... i
Vrijheid .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Inleiding: Democratie? ........................................................................................................................ 1
Democratie: organisatievorm en norm .......................................................................................... 1
Democratische waarden ................................................................................................................. 1
Aanhangers ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Tegenstanders ................................................................................................................................. 2
Politieke vrijheid ................................................................................................................................. 2
Two concepts of liberty: Isaiah Berlin (1909 – 1997).......................................................................... 2
Negatieve vrijheid ........................................................................................................................... 2
De omvang van de vrijheid ............................................................................................................. 3
Samenvatting: vrijheid, politiek en mensbeeld .............................................................................. 3
Negatieve vrijheid en democratie................................................................................................... 4
De waarlijk vrije samenleving volgens Berlin .................................................................................. 4
De Republikeinse vrijheidsopvatting: Philip Pettit (1945-) ................................................................. 5
Historiek van republicanisme.......................................................................................................... 5
A doll’s House: lucky vs robust freedom ......................................................................................... 5
Robust freedom and democracy..................................................................................................... 6
De liberale vs de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid ................................................................... 6
Vrijheid en politiek bij Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) ........................................................................... 7
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 7
De Griekse bakermat van het politieke........................................................................................... 8
Vrijheid, handelen, spreken ............................................................................................................ 9
De Polis als antiek Griekse remedie .............................................................................................. 10
Van polis naar politieke filosofie en moderne maatschappij........................................................ 10
Over vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie in MO samenleving ................................................... 11
Rawls’ politieke liberalisme (1921-2002) .............................................................................................. 12
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 12
i
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Ideal, normative theory .................................................................................................................... 12
Vrijheid en gelijkheid .................................................................................................................... 12
Liberaal mensbeeld ....................................................................................................................... 13
Grondrechten ................................................................................................................................ 13
Liberale democratie ...................................................................................................................... 13
Diversiteit ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Rawls’ eisen aan overheid en burger ................................................................................................ 14
Neutraliteit .................................................................................................................................... 14
Overlappende consensus (O.C.) .................................................................................................... 15
Toegepast.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Onderwijs ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Redelijkheid en tolerantie ............................................................................................................. 16
Rawls versus modus vivendi liberalisme........................................................................................... 16
Kritiek Communitaristen ................................................................................................................... 17
Rawls versus verlichtingsliberalisme (Kant, J.S. Mill) ........................................................................ 17
Leerprocessen ................................................................................................................................... 18
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 18
Burgerschap .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 19
Buzzword vanaf jaren 1990........................................................................................................... 19
Liberals & communitarians: overlap ............................................................................................. 19
Klassieke liberalen:........................................................................................................................ 19
Citizenship theory ............................................................................................................................. 19
Two models of citizenship............................................................................................................. 20
Citizenship and social class: Marshall ........................................................................................... 20
Galston’s civic virtues (1991) ............................................................................................................ 21
Deliberatieve Democratie ................................................................................................................. 21
Burgerdemocratie (Manu Claeys, David Van Reybrouck) ............................................................. 21
Crisis civiele deugden ........................................................................................................................ 22
Oorzaken vervreemding van het politieke .................................................................................... 22
Aristotelian republicanism ............................................................................................................ 22
Classical republicanism/liberalism ................................................................................................ 23
Seedbeds of civic virtue .................................................................................................................... 23
(Citizenship) education ................................................................................................................. 24
Waarom wetten gehoorzamen? ....................................................................................................... 24
Impliciete instemming .................................................................................................................. 24
ii
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Rule of law in liberale democratie ................................................................................................ 25
Burgerschap en politieke gemeenschap ............................................................................................... 26
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 26
Objectief en subjectieve kant burgerschap .................................................................................. 26
BDW over collectieve identiteit .................................................................................................... 26
Sybrand Buma (CDA) ..................................................................................................................... 26
One of us/diversity........................................................................................................................ 27
What binds us?.............................................................................................................................. 27
1. Shared sense of justice ............................................................................................................. 27
2. Common form of life ................................................................................................................. 27
3. Shared political participation .................................................................................................... 28
4. Gedeelde (nationale) identiteit................................................................................................. 28
Liberaal nationalisme .................................................................................................................... 28
Wat voor nationale identiteit?...................................................................................................... 29
Nation building policies................................................................................................................. 29
5. Identification by gedeelde participatie aan samenleving ......................................................... 30
Contacthypothese ......................................................................................................................... 30
(Inzetten op) interculturalisme (vanuit overheid) ........................................................................ 31
Combineren van strategieën............................................................................................................. 31
De rol van experten in de democratie .................................................................................................. 32
Politiek als collectief handelen ..................................................................................................... 32
Algemeen belang: twee modellen voor democratie .................................................................... 32
Doelen versus middelen ............................................................................................................... 32
Democratie.................................................................................................................................... 32
Mogelijke problemen .................................................................................................................... 33
Technocratie ................................................................................................................................. 33
Covid-19 als voorbeeld van “biopolitiek” ............................................................................................. 34
Huidig debat ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Wat leert de geschiedenis?............................................................................................................... 34
Covid-19 als historische gebeurtenis ................................................................................................ 34
Foucaults biopolitiek ..................................................................................................................... 34
Foucault’s “veiligheidsdispositief” ................................................................................................ 35
Consequenties............................................................................................................................... 35
Spanningen tussen (het recht v/d) mensenrechten en burgerrechten ................................................ 36
Vraagstelling ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Huisvesting ........................................................................................................................................ 36
iii
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Hoe gewaarborgd? ........................................................................................................................ 36
Straatsburg: Europees Comité voor sociale rechten .................................................................... 36
Leefomstandigheden in detentie ...................................................................................................... 37
Straatsburg: Europees Hof voor de rechten v/d mens ................................................................. 38
Onderwijs .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Conclusies ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Democratie op Europees niveau........................................................................................................... 40
Legitimiteit en democratie in politieke systemen ............................................................................ 40
Politiek systeem volgens David Easton ......................................................................................... 40
Legitimiteit .................................................................................................................................... 40
Democratie – een gecontesteerd begrip ...................................................................................... 40
De EU als politiek systeem ................................................................................................................ 40
Is EU politiek systeem? ................................................................................................................. 40
Hoe werkt EU? .............................................................................................................................. 41
Democratie in de EU ......................................................................................................................... 42
Geen democratisch tekort ............................................................................................................ 42
Wel democratisch tekort .............................................................................................................. 42
Legitimiteit in de EU .......................................................................................................................... 42
Trilemma van de Europese Unie ....................................................................................................... 43
Het probleem ................................................................................................................................ 43
Oplossing? ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Burgerschap, Gender, & Intersectionaliteit .......................................................................................... 46
Hoe verhoudt burgerschap zich tot vrijheid en democratie? ........................................................... 47
Denken mbt vrijheid, burgerschap, democratie ........................................................................... 47
Voorbeelden uit samenleving ....................................................................................................... 47
Voorbeeld uit de wetenschap ....................................................................................................... 48
Verder kijken dan gender.................................................................................................................. 48
Migratieachtergrond ..................................................................................................................... 48
Kritiek burgerschapsconcepten/theorieën ....................................................................................... 49
Concepten herzien ........................................................................................................................ 49
Nieuwe concepten definiëren....................................................................................................... 50
Problemen? ................................................................................................................................... 50
Inclusie via herconceptualisering .................................................................................................. 50
Recente uitdagingen ......................................................................................................................... 51
Samengevat....................................................................................................................................... 51
Populisme: hoe, wat en waarom? ........................................................................................................ 52
iv
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
DEMOCRATIE
Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................................... i
Vrijheid .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Inleiding: Democratie? ........................................................................................................................ 1
Democratie: organisatievorm en norm .......................................................................................... 1
Democratische waarden ................................................................................................................. 1
Aanhangers ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Tegenstanders ................................................................................................................................. 2
Politieke vrijheid ................................................................................................................................. 2
Two concepts of liberty: Isaiah Berlin (1909 – 1997).......................................................................... 2
Negatieve vrijheid ........................................................................................................................... 2
De omvang van de vrijheid ............................................................................................................. 3
Samenvatting: vrijheid, politiek en mensbeeld .............................................................................. 3
Negatieve vrijheid en democratie................................................................................................... 4
De waarlijk vrije samenleving volgens Berlin .................................................................................. 4
De Republikeinse vrijheidsopvatting: Philip Pettit (1945-) ................................................................. 5
Historiek van republicanisme.......................................................................................................... 5
A doll’s House: lucky vs robust freedom ......................................................................................... 5
Robust freedom and democracy..................................................................................................... 6
De liberale vs de republikeinse opvatting van vrijheid ................................................................... 6
Vrijheid en politiek bij Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) ........................................................................... 7
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 7
De Griekse bakermat van het politieke........................................................................................... 8
Vrijheid, handelen, spreken ............................................................................................................ 9
De Polis als antiek Griekse remedie .............................................................................................. 10
Van polis naar politieke filosofie en moderne maatschappij........................................................ 10
Over vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie in MO samenleving ................................................... 11
Rawls’ politieke liberalisme (1921-2002) .............................................................................................. 12
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 12
i
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Ideal, normative theory .................................................................................................................... 12
Vrijheid en gelijkheid .................................................................................................................... 12
Liberaal mensbeeld ....................................................................................................................... 13
Grondrechten ................................................................................................................................ 13
Liberale democratie ...................................................................................................................... 13
Diversiteit ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Rawls’ eisen aan overheid en burger ................................................................................................ 14
Neutraliteit .................................................................................................................................... 14
Overlappende consensus (O.C.) .................................................................................................... 15
Toegepast.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Onderwijs ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Redelijkheid en tolerantie ............................................................................................................. 16
Rawls versus modus vivendi liberalisme........................................................................................... 16
Kritiek Communitaristen ................................................................................................................... 17
Rawls versus verlichtingsliberalisme (Kant, J.S. Mill) ........................................................................ 17
Leerprocessen ................................................................................................................................... 18
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 18
Burgerschap .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 19
Buzzword vanaf jaren 1990........................................................................................................... 19
Liberals & communitarians: overlap ............................................................................................. 19
Klassieke liberalen:........................................................................................................................ 19
Citizenship theory ............................................................................................................................. 19
Two models of citizenship............................................................................................................. 20
Citizenship and social class: Marshall ........................................................................................... 20
Galston’s civic virtues (1991) ............................................................................................................ 21
Deliberatieve Democratie ................................................................................................................. 21
Burgerdemocratie (Manu Claeys, David Van Reybrouck) ............................................................. 21
Crisis civiele deugden ........................................................................................................................ 22
Oorzaken vervreemding van het politieke .................................................................................... 22
Aristotelian republicanism ............................................................................................................ 22
Classical republicanism/liberalism ................................................................................................ 23
Seedbeds of civic virtue .................................................................................................................... 23
(Citizenship) education ................................................................................................................. 24
Waarom wetten gehoorzamen? ....................................................................................................... 24
Impliciete instemming .................................................................................................................. 24
ii
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Rule of law in liberale democratie ................................................................................................ 25
Burgerschap en politieke gemeenschap ............................................................................................... 26
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 26
Objectief en subjectieve kant burgerschap .................................................................................. 26
BDW over collectieve identiteit .................................................................................................... 26
Sybrand Buma (CDA) ..................................................................................................................... 26
One of us/diversity........................................................................................................................ 27
What binds us?.............................................................................................................................. 27
1. Shared sense of justice ............................................................................................................. 27
2. Common form of life ................................................................................................................. 27
3. Shared political participation .................................................................................................... 28
4. Gedeelde (nationale) identiteit................................................................................................. 28
Liberaal nationalisme .................................................................................................................... 28
Wat voor nationale identiteit?...................................................................................................... 29
Nation building policies................................................................................................................. 29
5. Identification by gedeelde participatie aan samenleving ......................................................... 30
Contacthypothese ......................................................................................................................... 30
(Inzetten op) interculturalisme (vanuit overheid) ........................................................................ 31
Combineren van strategieën............................................................................................................. 31
De rol van experten in de democratie .................................................................................................. 32
Politiek als collectief handelen ..................................................................................................... 32
Algemeen belang: twee modellen voor democratie .................................................................... 32
Doelen versus middelen ............................................................................................................... 32
Democratie.................................................................................................................................... 32
Mogelijke problemen .................................................................................................................... 33
Technocratie ................................................................................................................................. 33
Covid-19 als voorbeeld van “biopolitiek” ............................................................................................. 34
Huidig debat ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Wat leert de geschiedenis?............................................................................................................... 34
Covid-19 als historische gebeurtenis ................................................................................................ 34
Foucaults biopolitiek ..................................................................................................................... 34
Foucault’s “veiligheidsdispositief” ................................................................................................ 35
Consequenties............................................................................................................................... 35
Spanningen tussen (het recht v/d) mensenrechten en burgerrechten ................................................ 36
Vraagstelling ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Huisvesting ........................................................................................................................................ 36
iii
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
, Hoe gewaarborgd? ........................................................................................................................ 36
Straatsburg: Europees Comité voor sociale rechten .................................................................... 36
Leefomstandigheden in detentie ...................................................................................................... 37
Straatsburg: Europees Hof voor de rechten v/d mens ................................................................. 38
Onderwijs .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Conclusies ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Democratie op Europees niveau........................................................................................................... 40
Legitimiteit en democratie in politieke systemen ............................................................................ 40
Politiek systeem volgens David Easton ......................................................................................... 40
Legitimiteit .................................................................................................................................... 40
Democratie – een gecontesteerd begrip ...................................................................................... 40
De EU als politiek systeem ................................................................................................................ 40
Is EU politiek systeem? ................................................................................................................. 40
Hoe werkt EU? .............................................................................................................................. 41
Democratie in de EU ......................................................................................................................... 42
Geen democratisch tekort ............................................................................................................ 42
Wel democratisch tekort .............................................................................................................. 42
Legitimiteit in de EU .......................................................................................................................... 42
Trilemma van de Europese Unie ....................................................................................................... 43
Het probleem ................................................................................................................................ 43
Oplossing? ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Burgerschap, Gender, & Intersectionaliteit .......................................................................................... 46
Hoe verhoudt burgerschap zich tot vrijheid en democratie? ........................................................... 47
Denken mbt vrijheid, burgerschap, democratie ........................................................................... 47
Voorbeelden uit samenleving ....................................................................................................... 47
Voorbeeld uit de wetenschap ....................................................................................................... 48
Verder kijken dan gender.................................................................................................................. 48
Migratieachtergrond ..................................................................................................................... 48
Kritiek burgerschapsconcepten/theorieën ....................................................................................... 49
Concepten herzien ........................................................................................................................ 49
Nieuwe concepten definiëren....................................................................................................... 50
Problemen? ................................................................................................................................... 50
Inclusie via herconceptualisering .................................................................................................. 50
Recente uitdagingen ......................................................................................................................... 51
Samengevat....................................................................................................................................... 51
Populisme: hoe, wat en waarom? ........................................................................................................ 52
iv
Vrijheid, Burgerschap, en Democratie
