ANTROPOLOGIE
INLEIDING..................................................................................................................................................5
1. WAT IS ANTROPOLOGIE?......................................................................................................................... 5
“Babakiueria”........................................................................................................................................5
Wat is antropologie?............................................................................................................................. 6
What the rest think of the west (Laura Nader, 2015)..................................................................... 6
2. METHODOLOGIE......................................................................................................................................6
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................... 7
Data.......................................................................................................................................................7
Etnografie..............................................................................................................................................7
De informant.........................................................................................................................................7
3. OBJECTEN VAN STUDIE............................................................................................................................ 8
Kinship studies: verwantschapsstudies.................................................................................................8
Exchange: uitwisseling.......................................................................................................................... 8
Materiële cultuur & kunst.....................................................................................................................8
Nog steeds een belangrijke bron van kennis & dus educatie over ‘De Ander’......................................9
Problematische geschiedenis................................................................................................................9
4. VERTAKKINGEN........................................................................................................................................9
Subdisciplines........................................................................................................................................9
Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in a Zapotec Mountain Village....................................... 10
Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood.............................................................................10
Huidige antropologie: The Global Traffic in Human Organs......................................................... 10
conclusie subdisciplines................................................................................................................10
MODULE I: HISTORISCHE CONTEXT.......................................................................................................... 11
1. DE ROOTS...............................................................................................................................................11
Interesse in ‘De Ander’....................................................................................................................... 11
Over kannibalen (1580)................................................................................................................ 13
2. SOCIAAL DARWINISME & CULTUUREVOLUTIONISME........................................................................... 14
On the origin of species, 1859............................................................................................................ 14
Survival of the fittest….......................................................................................................................15
Armchair-wetenschappers.................................................................................................................. 16
Museumantropologie......................................................................................................................... 16
Cultuurevolutionisme......................................................................................................................... 17
Verenigde Staten: Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)...................................................................17
Het Verenigd Koninkrijk: Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) en Sir James Frazer (1854-1941)... 18
Primitive Culture, 1871 (Tylor)............................................................................................... 18
The Golden Bough, 1890 (Frazer).......................................................................................... 18
Het diffusionisme (p63-65)................................................................................................................. 19
3. HANDEL, KOLONIALISME & MISSIONERING.......................................................................................... 20
Maatschappelijke & historische context............................................................................................. 20
1
, Kolonialisme........................................................................................................................................20
Salvage anthropology..........................................................................................................................21
4. VERZAMELEN VAN OBJECTEN................................................................................................................21
Captain James Cook......................................................................................................................21
Etnografica.......................................................................................................................................... 22
Musea................................................................................................................................................. 22
Verzamelen van objecten....................................................................................................................23
Wereldtentoonstellingen.................................................................................................................... 23
5. KANTELMOMENTEN.............................................................................................................................. 24
Cultuurrelativisme...............................................................................................................................24
Postkolonialisme................................................................................................................................. 24
MODULE II: STROMINGEN & AUTEURS.....................................................................................................25
1. FRANZ BOAS (1858–1942) - HISTORISCH PARTICULARISME & CULTUURRELATIVISME......................... 25
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 25
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 25
Potlatch............................................................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld Potlatch....................................................................................................................... 26
Cover handboek.................................................................................................................................. 26
Jesup North Pacific Expedition............................................................................................................27
American Museum of Natural History................................................................................................ 27
Voorbeeld propratiëring............................................................................................................... 27
Culturele Antropologie........................................................................................................................28
2. BRONISŁAW MALINOWSKI (1884-1942) – VELDWERK & BRITSE FUNCTIONALISME............................ 30
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 30
Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922..............................................................................................30
Kula...............................................................................................................................................31
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 31
Coral gardens and their magic, 1935.................................................................................................. 32
Functionalisme....................................................................................................................................32
A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, 1967..................................................................................... 33
3. HET STRUCTUREEL FUNCTIONALISME: ALFRED RADCLIFFE–BROWN (1881-1955)...............................34
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 34
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 34
Structureel functionalisme..................................................................................................................35
4. ARNOLD VAN GENNEP (1873-1975)...................................................................................................... 35
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 35
Sociologie & antropologie...................................................................................................................35
Centraal concept: Liminaliteit............................................................................................................. 36
5. DE FRANSE ANTROPOLOGIE: HET STRUCTURALISME VAN CLAUDE LÉVI–STRAUSS (1908-2009)..........36
2
, Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 36
Het structuralisme.............................................................................................................................. 37
La pensée sauvage, 1962.................................................................................................................... 38
La voie des masques........................................................................................................................... 39
Culturen & persoonlijkheid: Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead................................................................. 39
6. RUTH BENEDICT (1887-1948)................................................................................................................ 39
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 39
Patterns of culture, 1934.................................................................................................................... 39
Centrale vragen............................................................................................................................ 40
Patterns of culture.............................................................................................................................. 40
Vergelijkende etnografie..................................................................................................................... 40
The Chrysanthemum and The Sword, 1946........................................................................................ 40
7. MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978).............................................................................................................41
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 41
Nature/culture - nature/nurture.........................................................................................................41
Coming of Age in Samoa, 1928........................................................................................................... 41
vergelijkend onderzoek nr cultuur & persoonlijkheid.................................................................. 42
controversie..................................................................................................................................42
Sociobiologiedebat............................................................................................................................. 42
Quest for the Real Samoa: The Mead/Freeman controversy and Beyond (Lowell D. Holmes, 1987). 43
8. DE BRITSE SCHOOL................................................................................................................................ 43
De Britse school: eerste noties van ‘sociale verandering’...................................................................43
Raymond Firth (1901-2002)................................................................................................................ 44
We, the Tikopia, 1936...................................................................................................................44
Reo Fortune (1903-1979)....................................................................................................................44
Sorcerers of Dobu, 1932............................................................................................................... 44
Verwantschap............................................................................................................................... 45
Gregory Bateson (1904-1980).............................................................................................................45
3 theoretische uitgangspunten.....................................................................................................45
Naven........................................................................................................................................... 45
Samenwerking met Margaret Mead.............................................................................................46
cybernetica, dubbele binding & schismogenese.......................................................................... 46
Andrew Moutu............................................................................................................................. 47
De herontdekking van de wereld: Margaret Mead (docu)........................................................... 47
9. SYMBOLISCHE & INTERPRETATIEVE ANTROPOLOGIE............................................................................ 48
10. MARY DOUGLAS (1921–2007)............................................................................................................. 49
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 49
Purity and Danger, 1966......................................................................................................................50
How Institutions Think, 1987.............................................................................................................. 51
3
, 11. VICTOR TURNER (1920–1983)............................................................................................................. 51
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 51
‘Betwixt and between’........................................................................................................................ 51
Ritueel theater.................................................................................................................................... 52
Cultural performance..........................................................................................................................52
12. CLIFFORD GEERTZ (1926–2006)...........................................................................................................53
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 53
Thick description.................................................................................................................................53
The interpretation of cultures.............................................................................................................53
13. JAMES CLIFFORD (°1946)..................................................................................................................... 53
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 53
Centrale publicaties............................................................................................................................ 54
MODULE III: VISUELE ANTROPOLOGIE......................................................................................................54
1. INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 54
Ashanti series......................................................................................................................................54
In the Land of the Headhunters.......................................................................................................... 55
Nanook of the North...........................................................................................................................55
Dynamiek & manipulatie.................................................................................................................... 55
2. BEELD IN CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 56
Margaret Mead & Gregory Bateson: visueel veldwerk op Bali (1936-1939).......................................56
Robert Gardner................................................................................................................................... 56
voorbeelden andere documentaires die visuele antropologie hebben vormgegeven....................... 57
3. JEAN ROUCH (1917-2004): PARTICIPATIE & CO-CREATIE IN FILM.......................................................... 57
Marcel Griaule.................................................................................................................................... 57
Jean Rouch.......................................................................................................................................... 58
Les maîtres fous, 1995..................................................................................................................58
Chronique d’un été, 1961............................................................................................................. 58
Jaguar, 1967..................................................................................................................................59
Alain Resnais....................................................................................................................................... 59
4. POSTKOLONIALE FILM........................................................................................................................... 59
Ontwikkeling van filmcultuur & filmindustrie..................................................................................... 60
5. MAMADOU DIA..................................................................................................................................... 61
Filmmaking as:.................................................................................................................................... 61
Auto-etnografie...................................................................................................................................62
(Speculative/critical) Fabulation - Faction...........................................................................................62
Confirmation Bias................................................................................................................................63
Community Filmmaking...................................................................................................................... 63
Jean Rouch - Ousmane Sembène................................................................................................. 63
6. HEDENDAAGSE VISUELE ANTROPOLOGIE............................................................................................. 63
4
INLEIDING..................................................................................................................................................5
1. WAT IS ANTROPOLOGIE?......................................................................................................................... 5
“Babakiueria”........................................................................................................................................5
Wat is antropologie?............................................................................................................................. 6
What the rest think of the west (Laura Nader, 2015)..................................................................... 6
2. METHODOLOGIE......................................................................................................................................6
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................... 7
Data.......................................................................................................................................................7
Etnografie..............................................................................................................................................7
De informant.........................................................................................................................................7
3. OBJECTEN VAN STUDIE............................................................................................................................ 8
Kinship studies: verwantschapsstudies.................................................................................................8
Exchange: uitwisseling.......................................................................................................................... 8
Materiële cultuur & kunst.....................................................................................................................8
Nog steeds een belangrijke bron van kennis & dus educatie over ‘De Ander’......................................9
Problematische geschiedenis................................................................................................................9
4. VERTAKKINGEN........................................................................................................................................9
Subdisciplines........................................................................................................................................9
Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in a Zapotec Mountain Village....................................... 10
Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood.............................................................................10
Huidige antropologie: The Global Traffic in Human Organs......................................................... 10
conclusie subdisciplines................................................................................................................10
MODULE I: HISTORISCHE CONTEXT.......................................................................................................... 11
1. DE ROOTS...............................................................................................................................................11
Interesse in ‘De Ander’....................................................................................................................... 11
Over kannibalen (1580)................................................................................................................ 13
2. SOCIAAL DARWINISME & CULTUUREVOLUTIONISME........................................................................... 14
On the origin of species, 1859............................................................................................................ 14
Survival of the fittest….......................................................................................................................15
Armchair-wetenschappers.................................................................................................................. 16
Museumantropologie......................................................................................................................... 16
Cultuurevolutionisme......................................................................................................................... 17
Verenigde Staten: Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)...................................................................17
Het Verenigd Koninkrijk: Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) en Sir James Frazer (1854-1941)... 18
Primitive Culture, 1871 (Tylor)............................................................................................... 18
The Golden Bough, 1890 (Frazer).......................................................................................... 18
Het diffusionisme (p63-65)................................................................................................................. 19
3. HANDEL, KOLONIALISME & MISSIONERING.......................................................................................... 20
Maatschappelijke & historische context............................................................................................. 20
1
, Kolonialisme........................................................................................................................................20
Salvage anthropology..........................................................................................................................21
4. VERZAMELEN VAN OBJECTEN................................................................................................................21
Captain James Cook......................................................................................................................21
Etnografica.......................................................................................................................................... 22
Musea................................................................................................................................................. 22
Verzamelen van objecten....................................................................................................................23
Wereldtentoonstellingen.................................................................................................................... 23
5. KANTELMOMENTEN.............................................................................................................................. 24
Cultuurrelativisme...............................................................................................................................24
Postkolonialisme................................................................................................................................. 24
MODULE II: STROMINGEN & AUTEURS.....................................................................................................25
1. FRANZ BOAS (1858–1942) - HISTORISCH PARTICULARISME & CULTUURRELATIVISME......................... 25
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 25
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 25
Potlatch............................................................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld Potlatch....................................................................................................................... 26
Cover handboek.................................................................................................................................. 26
Jesup North Pacific Expedition............................................................................................................27
American Museum of Natural History................................................................................................ 27
Voorbeeld propratiëring............................................................................................................... 27
Culturele Antropologie........................................................................................................................28
2. BRONISŁAW MALINOWSKI (1884-1942) – VELDWERK & BRITSE FUNCTIONALISME............................ 30
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 30
Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922..............................................................................................30
Kula...............................................................................................................................................31
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 31
Coral gardens and their magic, 1935.................................................................................................. 32
Functionalisme....................................................................................................................................32
A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, 1967..................................................................................... 33
3. HET STRUCTUREEL FUNCTIONALISME: ALFRED RADCLIFFE–BROWN (1881-1955)...............................34
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 34
Veldwerk............................................................................................................................................. 34
Structureel functionalisme..................................................................................................................35
4. ARNOLD VAN GENNEP (1873-1975)...................................................................................................... 35
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 35
Sociologie & antropologie...................................................................................................................35
Centraal concept: Liminaliteit............................................................................................................. 36
5. DE FRANSE ANTROPOLOGIE: HET STRUCTURALISME VAN CLAUDE LÉVI–STRAUSS (1908-2009)..........36
2
, Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 36
Het structuralisme.............................................................................................................................. 37
La pensée sauvage, 1962.................................................................................................................... 38
La voie des masques........................................................................................................................... 39
Culturen & persoonlijkheid: Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead................................................................. 39
6. RUTH BENEDICT (1887-1948)................................................................................................................ 39
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 39
Patterns of culture, 1934.................................................................................................................... 39
Centrale vragen............................................................................................................................ 40
Patterns of culture.............................................................................................................................. 40
Vergelijkende etnografie..................................................................................................................... 40
The Chrysanthemum and The Sword, 1946........................................................................................ 40
7. MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978).............................................................................................................41
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 41
Nature/culture - nature/nurture.........................................................................................................41
Coming of Age in Samoa, 1928........................................................................................................... 41
vergelijkend onderzoek nr cultuur & persoonlijkheid.................................................................. 42
controversie..................................................................................................................................42
Sociobiologiedebat............................................................................................................................. 42
Quest for the Real Samoa: The Mead/Freeman controversy and Beyond (Lowell D. Holmes, 1987). 43
8. DE BRITSE SCHOOL................................................................................................................................ 43
De Britse school: eerste noties van ‘sociale verandering’...................................................................43
Raymond Firth (1901-2002)................................................................................................................ 44
We, the Tikopia, 1936...................................................................................................................44
Reo Fortune (1903-1979)....................................................................................................................44
Sorcerers of Dobu, 1932............................................................................................................... 44
Verwantschap............................................................................................................................... 45
Gregory Bateson (1904-1980).............................................................................................................45
3 theoretische uitgangspunten.....................................................................................................45
Naven........................................................................................................................................... 45
Samenwerking met Margaret Mead.............................................................................................46
cybernetica, dubbele binding & schismogenese.......................................................................... 46
Andrew Moutu............................................................................................................................. 47
De herontdekking van de wereld: Margaret Mead (docu)........................................................... 47
9. SYMBOLISCHE & INTERPRETATIEVE ANTROPOLOGIE............................................................................ 48
10. MARY DOUGLAS (1921–2007)............................................................................................................. 49
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 49
Purity and Danger, 1966......................................................................................................................50
How Institutions Think, 1987.............................................................................................................. 51
3
, 11. VICTOR TURNER (1920–1983)............................................................................................................. 51
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 51
‘Betwixt and between’........................................................................................................................ 51
Ritueel theater.................................................................................................................................... 52
Cultural performance..........................................................................................................................52
12. CLIFFORD GEERTZ (1926–2006)...........................................................................................................53
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 53
Thick description.................................................................................................................................53
The interpretation of cultures.............................................................................................................53
13. JAMES CLIFFORD (°1946)..................................................................................................................... 53
Achtergrond........................................................................................................................................ 53
Centrale publicaties............................................................................................................................ 54
MODULE III: VISUELE ANTROPOLOGIE......................................................................................................54
1. INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 54
Ashanti series......................................................................................................................................54
In the Land of the Headhunters.......................................................................................................... 55
Nanook of the North...........................................................................................................................55
Dynamiek & manipulatie.................................................................................................................... 55
2. BEELD IN CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 56
Margaret Mead & Gregory Bateson: visueel veldwerk op Bali (1936-1939).......................................56
Robert Gardner................................................................................................................................... 56
voorbeelden andere documentaires die visuele antropologie hebben vormgegeven....................... 57
3. JEAN ROUCH (1917-2004): PARTICIPATIE & CO-CREATIE IN FILM.......................................................... 57
Marcel Griaule.................................................................................................................................... 57
Jean Rouch.......................................................................................................................................... 58
Les maîtres fous, 1995..................................................................................................................58
Chronique d’un été, 1961............................................................................................................. 58
Jaguar, 1967..................................................................................................................................59
Alain Resnais....................................................................................................................................... 59
4. POSTKOLONIALE FILM........................................................................................................................... 59
Ontwikkeling van filmcultuur & filmindustrie..................................................................................... 60
5. MAMADOU DIA..................................................................................................................................... 61
Filmmaking as:.................................................................................................................................... 61
Auto-etnografie...................................................................................................................................62
(Speculative/critical) Fabulation - Faction...........................................................................................62
Confirmation Bias................................................................................................................................63
Community Filmmaking...................................................................................................................... 63
Jean Rouch - Ousmane Sembène................................................................................................. 63
6. HEDENDAAGSE VISUELE ANTROPOLOGIE............................................................................................. 63
4
