Micro-economie – HIR, TEW, EW
1 Curves............................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Inkomens-consumptie curve of expansiepad ICC .................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Inkomensvraagcurve of Engelcurve IVC .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Prijs-consumptiecurve PCC ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Prijsvraagcurve PVC ................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Gemiddelde en marginale productiviteit ................................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Lange termijn expansiepad LTE............................................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Korte termijn expansiepad KTE ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Van productiefunctie naar variabel kost naar totale kost ...................................................................................... 6
1.9 Gemiddelde kosten.................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.10 Marginale kosten .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.11 Verband kostenfuncties........................................................................................................................................... 7
1.12 Samenhang kosten- en productiecurven................................................................................................................. 8
1.13 Planningcurve .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.14 Prijs-afzet-curve....................................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Elasticiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Basisformule .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Boogelasticiteit in punt A ...................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Puntelasticiteit ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Iso-elastische functies ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Grafisch 𝜀 = 𝐸𝐴𝐸𝐵 ............................................................................................................................................... 16
3 Cobb Douglas .................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Nutsfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2 Optimum voor consumenten................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3 IVC of Engelencurve............................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 PCC of Prijsconsumptiecurve ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.5 Productiefunctie .................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Samenhang kosten en productie ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Planningcurve ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
4 Leontief .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Nutsfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Productiefunctie .................................................................................................................................................... 21
5 Volkomen concurrentie ................................................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Standaardeigenschappen...................................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Marktevenwicht .................................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Ondernemingsevenwicht....................................................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Proportionele vraagcurve of genus-curve ............................................................................................................. 25
1
, 5.5 Marktevenwicht bij variabele factorprijzen .......................................................................................................... 27
5.6 Besluit .................................................................................................................................................................... 28
6 Monopolie ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Monopolie vs volkomen concurrentie ................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 Natuurlijke monopolie ........................................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Comparatieve statica ............................................................................................................................................ 30
6.4 Prijsdiscriminatie ................................................................................................................................................... 32
6.5 Andere marktvormen met monopolistische kenmerken ....................................................................................... 34
7 Oligopolie ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.1 Bertrand competitie met simultaan spel............................................................................................................... 36
7.2 Cournot competitie met simultaan spel ................................................................................................................ 37
7.3 Cournot competitie met oneindige horizon .......................................................................................................... 38
7.4 Cournot competitie met sequentieel spel = Stackelberg model ............................................................................ 38
7.5 Cournot competitie met simultaan spel met n producenten ................................................................................ 38
7.6 Vergelijking verschillende homogene duopoliemodellen...................................................................................... 38
7.7 Duopolie met productdifferentiatie ...................................................................................................................... 39
7.8 Vraagverschillen en productdifferentiatie ............................................................................................................ 41
7.9 Endogene productdifferentiatie ............................................................................................................................ 41
8 Efficiëntie van markten .................................................................................................................................... 42
8.1 Efficiëntie in allocatie ............................................................................................................................................ 43
8.2 Allocatie bij volkomen concurrentie ...................................................................................................................... 43
9 Marktfalingen ................................................................................................................................................. 44
9.1 Onvolkomen concurrentie ..................................................................................................................................... 44
9.2 Externaliteiten ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
10 Publieke goederen ........................................................................................................................................... 46
10.1 Efficiënte allocatie ................................................................................................................................................. 46
10.2 Marktfalingen........................................................................................................................................................ 46
10.3 Clarke belasting & Vickrey-Groves-Clarke mechanisme ....................................................................................... 46
11 Trivia .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
11.1 Money-pump argument – Ramsey........................................................................................................................ 47
11.2 Tweede wet van Gossen ........................................................................................................................................ 47
11.3 Soorten goederen .................................................................................................................................................. 47
11.4 Homothetische technologieën .............................................................................................................................. 48
11.5 Samengestelde technologieën .............................................................................................................................. 48
11.6 Panvormige GVK-curve.......................................................................................................................................... 49
11.7 3 gevallen bij een kapitaalsverhoging ................................................................................................................... 49
2
,1 Curves
1.1 Inkomens-consumptie curve of expansiepad ICC
Verbindt alle optimale bundels voor verschillende inkomensniveaus bij constante prijzen.
Normaal goed Inferieur goed
1.2 Inkomensvraagcurve of Engelcurve IVC
Geeft de gevraagde hoeveelheid van 1 goed in functie van het inkomen terwijl de prijzen en
preferenties constant gehouden worden.
3
,1.3 Prijs-consumptiecurve PCC
Verbindt alle optimale bundels bij het wijzigen van de prijs van één goed en de andere prijs
en inkomen constant gehouden
1.4 Prijsvraagcurve PVC
Geeft de gevraagde hoeveelheid van één goed, bij variërende prijs van dat goed, en constant
inkomen en constante prijzen van de andere goederen
1.4.1 Bereidheid tot betalen voor a eenheden
Oppervlakte onder de PVC-curve tot a
𝑎
∫ 𝑓𝑣−1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
4
,1.5 Gemiddelde en marginale productiviteit
Gemiddelde productiviteit Marginale productiviteit
Top: steilste voerstraal Top: steilste raaklijn
➔ voerstraal = raaklijn
De MPL-curve snijdt de GPL-curve in haar maximum
5
, 1.6 Lange termijn expansiepad LTE
Verbindt de kostenminimerende combinaties van productiefactoren voor verschillende y
1.7 Korte termijn expansiepad KTE
Verbindt de kostenminimerende combinaties van productiefactoren voor verschillende y
→ met K constant
1.8 Van productiefunctie naar variabel kost naar totale kost
6
1 Curves............................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Inkomens-consumptie curve of expansiepad ICC .................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Inkomensvraagcurve of Engelcurve IVC .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Prijs-consumptiecurve PCC ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Prijsvraagcurve PVC ................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Gemiddelde en marginale productiviteit ................................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Lange termijn expansiepad LTE............................................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Korte termijn expansiepad KTE ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Van productiefunctie naar variabel kost naar totale kost ...................................................................................... 6
1.9 Gemiddelde kosten.................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.10 Marginale kosten .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.11 Verband kostenfuncties........................................................................................................................................... 7
1.12 Samenhang kosten- en productiecurven................................................................................................................. 8
1.13 Planningcurve .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.14 Prijs-afzet-curve....................................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Elasticiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Basisformule .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Boogelasticiteit in punt A ...................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Puntelasticiteit ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Iso-elastische functies ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Grafisch 𝜀 = 𝐸𝐴𝐸𝐵 ............................................................................................................................................... 16
3 Cobb Douglas .................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Nutsfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2 Optimum voor consumenten................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3 IVC of Engelencurve............................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 PCC of Prijsconsumptiecurve ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.5 Productiefunctie .................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Samenhang kosten en productie ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Planningcurve ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
4 Leontief .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Nutsfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Productiefunctie .................................................................................................................................................... 21
5 Volkomen concurrentie ................................................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Standaardeigenschappen...................................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Marktevenwicht .................................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Ondernemingsevenwicht....................................................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Proportionele vraagcurve of genus-curve ............................................................................................................. 25
1
, 5.5 Marktevenwicht bij variabele factorprijzen .......................................................................................................... 27
5.6 Besluit .................................................................................................................................................................... 28
6 Monopolie ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Monopolie vs volkomen concurrentie ................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 Natuurlijke monopolie ........................................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Comparatieve statica ............................................................................................................................................ 30
6.4 Prijsdiscriminatie ................................................................................................................................................... 32
6.5 Andere marktvormen met monopolistische kenmerken ....................................................................................... 34
7 Oligopolie ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.1 Bertrand competitie met simultaan spel............................................................................................................... 36
7.2 Cournot competitie met simultaan spel ................................................................................................................ 37
7.3 Cournot competitie met oneindige horizon .......................................................................................................... 38
7.4 Cournot competitie met sequentieel spel = Stackelberg model ............................................................................ 38
7.5 Cournot competitie met simultaan spel met n producenten ................................................................................ 38
7.6 Vergelijking verschillende homogene duopoliemodellen...................................................................................... 38
7.7 Duopolie met productdifferentiatie ...................................................................................................................... 39
7.8 Vraagverschillen en productdifferentiatie ............................................................................................................ 41
7.9 Endogene productdifferentiatie ............................................................................................................................ 41
8 Efficiëntie van markten .................................................................................................................................... 42
8.1 Efficiëntie in allocatie ............................................................................................................................................ 43
8.2 Allocatie bij volkomen concurrentie ...................................................................................................................... 43
9 Marktfalingen ................................................................................................................................................. 44
9.1 Onvolkomen concurrentie ..................................................................................................................................... 44
9.2 Externaliteiten ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
10 Publieke goederen ........................................................................................................................................... 46
10.1 Efficiënte allocatie ................................................................................................................................................. 46
10.2 Marktfalingen........................................................................................................................................................ 46
10.3 Clarke belasting & Vickrey-Groves-Clarke mechanisme ....................................................................................... 46
11 Trivia .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
11.1 Money-pump argument – Ramsey........................................................................................................................ 47
11.2 Tweede wet van Gossen ........................................................................................................................................ 47
11.3 Soorten goederen .................................................................................................................................................. 47
11.4 Homothetische technologieën .............................................................................................................................. 48
11.5 Samengestelde technologieën .............................................................................................................................. 48
11.6 Panvormige GVK-curve.......................................................................................................................................... 49
11.7 3 gevallen bij een kapitaalsverhoging ................................................................................................................... 49
2
,1 Curves
1.1 Inkomens-consumptie curve of expansiepad ICC
Verbindt alle optimale bundels voor verschillende inkomensniveaus bij constante prijzen.
Normaal goed Inferieur goed
1.2 Inkomensvraagcurve of Engelcurve IVC
Geeft de gevraagde hoeveelheid van 1 goed in functie van het inkomen terwijl de prijzen en
preferenties constant gehouden worden.
3
,1.3 Prijs-consumptiecurve PCC
Verbindt alle optimale bundels bij het wijzigen van de prijs van één goed en de andere prijs
en inkomen constant gehouden
1.4 Prijsvraagcurve PVC
Geeft de gevraagde hoeveelheid van één goed, bij variërende prijs van dat goed, en constant
inkomen en constante prijzen van de andere goederen
1.4.1 Bereidheid tot betalen voor a eenheden
Oppervlakte onder de PVC-curve tot a
𝑎
∫ 𝑓𝑣−1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
4
,1.5 Gemiddelde en marginale productiviteit
Gemiddelde productiviteit Marginale productiviteit
Top: steilste voerstraal Top: steilste raaklijn
➔ voerstraal = raaklijn
De MPL-curve snijdt de GPL-curve in haar maximum
5
, 1.6 Lange termijn expansiepad LTE
Verbindt de kostenminimerende combinaties van productiefactoren voor verschillende y
1.7 Korte termijn expansiepad KTE
Verbindt de kostenminimerende combinaties van productiefactoren voor verschillende y
→ met K constant
1.8 Van productiefunctie naar variabel kost naar totale kost
6
