1
Inhoud
Homeostasis ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Autonomic nervous system ..................................................................................................................... 7
Case 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Lecture 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Lecture 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Cardiovascular system ........................................................................................................................... 47
Case 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................... 77
........................................................................................................................................................... 82
Respiratory system ................................................................................................................................ 83
Case 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 83
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 98
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 109
GI tract ................................................................................................................................................. 123
Case 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 123
Case 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 145
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 156
Renal system ....................................................................................................................................... 169
Case 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 169
Case 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 180
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 199
, 2
Homeostasis
Our body needs oxygen, water and food to survive. There are different types of nutrients:
• Macronutrients: needed in large quantities
o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Lipids
o (Water): doesn’t contain any calories/energy
o (Fibres): can’t be degraded
• Micronutrients: needed in small quantities
o Minerals (macro minerals & trace minerals)
o Vitamins
Essential nutrients need to be taken up by the body since they can not be synthesized by the body.
Examples for essential nutrients are:
• Micronutrients
• Certain amino acids (F,V,T,K,W,M,L,I,H)
• Certain fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid, linolenic acid)
A lot of nutrients are used for energy production. (1kcal=4,2kJ)
Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste or substances from our body.
Metabolism: Nutrients are transformed to excretion
Equilibrium: a state of balance
If substance x goes into the body (nutrient/oxygen/water) and substance Y goes out of the body
(excretion) the total amount of substance X in the body = existing body load + intake/metabolic
production – excretion/metabolic removal.
The body is in dynamic equilibrium with the environment: our body has to work hard to maintain a
sort of equilibrium. We try to keep a balance inside our body. Humans are open systems, they
exchange material and heat their environment.
In our body, many chemical reactions occur which produces heat. That is why the resting metabolic
rate can be measured by determining the heat production. Heat is not only necessary to maintain
our body temperature but we simply can’t stop producing heat.
The distribution of substances in the body is driven by the following transport mechanisms:
• Nutrients/O2 are reaching each cell by diffusion and cellular wastes diffuse back into the
blood stream
• Osmosis and filtration facilitate fluid exchange at the level of the capillary
• Exchange of nutrients and wastes and orchestrate cellular uptake and waste removal is done
by cellular transport mechanisms at the level of capillaries.
, 3
The heart is the motor of long-distance transport, the blood vessels are the roads. The blood delivers
oxygen, nutrients and hormones. It removes carbon dioxide and other waste products.
, 4
Other fluids in the body that are important for transport are:
• Lymph
• Body water which consists out of 60% of the body weight (33% extracellular fluid (8% is
plasma and 25% is interstitial), 66% intracellular)
Valency = valentie (elektronen Ca2+ = 2 en Na+ = 1)
The osmolarity of intra- and extracellular fluid does not differ from each other. There is a difference
in the ions of the fluids but the total osmolarity in both fluids is the same.
Inhoud
Homeostasis ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Autonomic nervous system ..................................................................................................................... 7
Case 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Lecture 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Lecture 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Cardiovascular system ........................................................................................................................... 47
Case 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................... 77
........................................................................................................................................................... 82
Respiratory system ................................................................................................................................ 83
Case 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 83
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 98
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 109
GI tract ................................................................................................................................................. 123
Case 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 123
Case 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 145
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 156
Renal system ....................................................................................................................................... 169
Case 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 169
Case 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 180
Lecture ............................................................................................................................................. 199
, 2
Homeostasis
Our body needs oxygen, water and food to survive. There are different types of nutrients:
• Macronutrients: needed in large quantities
o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Lipids
o (Water): doesn’t contain any calories/energy
o (Fibres): can’t be degraded
• Micronutrients: needed in small quantities
o Minerals (macro minerals & trace minerals)
o Vitamins
Essential nutrients need to be taken up by the body since they can not be synthesized by the body.
Examples for essential nutrients are:
• Micronutrients
• Certain amino acids (F,V,T,K,W,M,L,I,H)
• Certain fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid, linolenic acid)
A lot of nutrients are used for energy production. (1kcal=4,2kJ)
Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste or substances from our body.
Metabolism: Nutrients are transformed to excretion
Equilibrium: a state of balance
If substance x goes into the body (nutrient/oxygen/water) and substance Y goes out of the body
(excretion) the total amount of substance X in the body = existing body load + intake/metabolic
production – excretion/metabolic removal.
The body is in dynamic equilibrium with the environment: our body has to work hard to maintain a
sort of equilibrium. We try to keep a balance inside our body. Humans are open systems, they
exchange material and heat their environment.
In our body, many chemical reactions occur which produces heat. That is why the resting metabolic
rate can be measured by determining the heat production. Heat is not only necessary to maintain
our body temperature but we simply can’t stop producing heat.
The distribution of substances in the body is driven by the following transport mechanisms:
• Nutrients/O2 are reaching each cell by diffusion and cellular wastes diffuse back into the
blood stream
• Osmosis and filtration facilitate fluid exchange at the level of the capillary
• Exchange of nutrients and wastes and orchestrate cellular uptake and waste removal is done
by cellular transport mechanisms at the level of capillaries.
, 3
The heart is the motor of long-distance transport, the blood vessels are the roads. The blood delivers
oxygen, nutrients and hormones. It removes carbon dioxide and other waste products.
, 4
Other fluids in the body that are important for transport are:
• Lymph
• Body water which consists out of 60% of the body weight (33% extracellular fluid (8% is
plasma and 25% is interstitial), 66% intracellular)
Valency = valentie (elektronen Ca2+ = 2 en Na+ = 1)
The osmolarity of intra- and extracellular fluid does not differ from each other. There is a difference
in the ions of the fluids but the total osmolarity in both fluids is the same.
