Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5
The news about news (TED talk) ......................................................................................................... 5
How China is changing your internet & Hollywood............................................................................. 5
Representation of other cultures ........................................................................................................ 6
CASE: The story of Sibu........................................................................................................................ 6
What is international communication? ............................................................................................... 7
Different closely related concepts ................................................................................................... 7
Flows & stories (Hamelink) .............................................................................................................. 8
Why study global communication ................................................................................................... 8
Part 1: Modernization.............................................................................................................................. 9
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Development communication paradigms ..................................................................................... 10
What are (DC) paradigms? ........................................................................................................ 10
Modernization ................................................................................................................................... 11
Historical context ........................................................................................................................... 11
How is development conceived? ................................................................................................... 11
Psychological / behaviorist approach (Lerner) .......................................................................... 12
Institutional approach (Schramm) ............................................................................................ 13
Technologically deterministic approach .................................................................................... 13
Role of communication.................................................................................................................. 14
Critiques......................................................................................................................................... 16
Responses to the critiques ........................................................................................................ 17
Part 2: Participatory Paradigm ............................................................................................................... 17
Participation ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Historical context ........................................................................................................................... 17
How is development conceived? ................................................................................................... 17
Two types of participation ............................................................................................................. 19
Communication & Participation .................................................................................................... 19
Media and Participation ................................................................................................................ 20
Policy.............................................................................................................................................. 20
Critique on this paradigm .............................................................................................................. 20
Current relevance .......................................................................................................................... 21
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Part 3: Guest Lecture - ICT4D, the Sustainable Development Goals & Inequalities .............................. 22
ICT4D ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Technology and digital tools .......................................................................................................... 22
1
, Understanding development ......................................................................................................... 23
How do you measure development? ............................................................................................ 23
Human development index ....................................................................................................... 24
Millennium Development Goals (00’-15’) ................................................................................. 24
The Sustainable Development Goals ................................................................................................. 24
The SDGs are global goals.............................................................................................................. 25
Inequalities .................................................................................................................................... 26
SDGs, inequalities and ICT4D..................................................................................................... 26
Part 4: UCT4D & UDUBSit ...................................................................................................................... 28
From diffusion to participation.......................................................................................................... 28
Telecentres..................................................................................................................................... 28
Digital divide/digital inequalities & diffusion/participation .......................................................... 29
Living Labs...................................................................................................................................... 31
Example (LL)............................................................................................................................... 32
Conclusions........................................................................................................................................ 35
Part 5: Disadvantaged Woman and Mobile Phones in South Africa ..................................................... 36
The next Billion Users ........................................................................................................................ 36
Main argument .............................................................................................................................. 37
The Leisure Divide & Other divides ........................................................................................... 37
Digital Divide – Digital Gender Divide ............................................................................................... 39
Research ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Research set up and Question ................................................................................................... 40
Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 40
Part 6: CoLab ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Overview of the CoLab ...................................................................................................................... 44
(Digital) Technological advances - Societal Impact .................................................................... 44
Conextualising “digital inclusion” in South Africa ............................................................................. 45
Corresponding Fields Model.............................................................................................................. 46
Research – Policy, strategy, implementation ..................................................................................... 47
Research towards enhancing impact............................................................................................. 47
Initiative 1: National Digital Skills Development........................................................................ 47
Initiative 2: Internet use by age cohort and gender (intergenerational cohesion (DSGs) ......... 49
Indices................................................................................................................................................ 49
Index 1: Digital Inclusion Assessment Instrument (DISA) .............................................................. 49
Index 2: AI Maturity Assessment Framework................................................................................ 50
Vulnerable groupings......................................................................................................................... 50
2
,Part 7: Cultural and Media Imperialism Theories.................................................................................. 51
Critical Political Economy................................................................................................................... 51
Global Critical Political Economy of Communication..................................................................... 52
Role of communication.................................................................................................................. 52
Dependency............................................................................................................................... 53
Institutional aspects of media imperialism ................................................................................... 53
Cultural effects of transnational media products .......................................................................... 54
Impact of media imperialism on news flows (1970s) .................................................................... 55
Global CPE Critique ........................................................................................................................ 55
CPE & Internet ............................................................................................................................... 56
Part 8: Globalization Theories ............................................................................................................... 56
Globalization: Definitions .................................................................................................................. 56
Strong Globalization Theories ........................................................................................................... 58
Globalization, Culture and Power ...................................................................................................... 58
Castells ........................................................................................................................................... 58
Network Society ........................................................................................................................ 58
Communication power .............................................................................................................. 59
Appadurai: Cultural Hybridization ................................................................................................. 60
Tomlinson: Cultural Hybridization ................................................................................................. 60
Part 9: Guest lecture – Diversity on demand ? Netflix and the globalization of difference(s) .............. 61
New technologies, new possibilities?................................................................................................ 61
New technologies, new worlds ? ....................................................................................................... 61
Media and power .......................................................................................................................... 62
Media and globalisation ................................................................................................................ 62
What about Netflix? .......................................................................................................................... 63
Diversity: the nexus between media, culture and power ............................................................. 63
Teen television ........................................................................................................................... 63
Netflix as geopolitical actor ........................................................................................................... 63
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 64
Part 10: Guest lecture - Transnational flows of audiovisual content from nwico to netflix .................. 65
Flow Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Political Economy of Communication ............................................................................................ 66
Critique on Cultural Imperialism ................................................................................................... 66
Cultural Studies.............................................................................................................................. 67
Cultural Proximity .......................................................................................................................... 67
Economic Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 68
3
, Online Flows ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Online delivery............................................................................................................................... 68
‘Peak tv’ is on-demand .................................................................................................................. 69
Continuity VS Change .................................................................................................................... 69
Continuity .................................................................................................................................. 69
Change ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Diversification ................................................................................................................................ 70
4
The news about news (TED talk) ......................................................................................................... 5
How China is changing your internet & Hollywood............................................................................. 5
Representation of other cultures ........................................................................................................ 6
CASE: The story of Sibu........................................................................................................................ 6
What is international communication? ............................................................................................... 7
Different closely related concepts ................................................................................................... 7
Flows & stories (Hamelink) .............................................................................................................. 8
Why study global communication ................................................................................................... 8
Part 1: Modernization.............................................................................................................................. 9
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Development communication paradigms ..................................................................................... 10
What are (DC) paradigms? ........................................................................................................ 10
Modernization ................................................................................................................................... 11
Historical context ........................................................................................................................... 11
How is development conceived? ................................................................................................... 11
Psychological / behaviorist approach (Lerner) .......................................................................... 12
Institutional approach (Schramm) ............................................................................................ 13
Technologically deterministic approach .................................................................................... 13
Role of communication.................................................................................................................. 14
Critiques......................................................................................................................................... 16
Responses to the critiques ........................................................................................................ 17
Part 2: Participatory Paradigm ............................................................................................................... 17
Participation ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Historical context ........................................................................................................................... 17
How is development conceived? ................................................................................................... 17
Two types of participation ............................................................................................................. 19
Communication & Participation .................................................................................................... 19
Media and Participation ................................................................................................................ 20
Policy.............................................................................................................................................. 20
Critique on this paradigm .............................................................................................................. 20
Current relevance .......................................................................................................................... 21
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Part 3: Guest Lecture - ICT4D, the Sustainable Development Goals & Inequalities .............................. 22
ICT4D ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Technology and digital tools .......................................................................................................... 22
1
, Understanding development ......................................................................................................... 23
How do you measure development? ............................................................................................ 23
Human development index ....................................................................................................... 24
Millennium Development Goals (00’-15’) ................................................................................. 24
The Sustainable Development Goals ................................................................................................. 24
The SDGs are global goals.............................................................................................................. 25
Inequalities .................................................................................................................................... 26
SDGs, inequalities and ICT4D..................................................................................................... 26
Part 4: UCT4D & UDUBSit ...................................................................................................................... 28
From diffusion to participation.......................................................................................................... 28
Telecentres..................................................................................................................................... 28
Digital divide/digital inequalities & diffusion/participation .......................................................... 29
Living Labs...................................................................................................................................... 31
Example (LL)............................................................................................................................... 32
Conclusions........................................................................................................................................ 35
Part 5: Disadvantaged Woman and Mobile Phones in South Africa ..................................................... 36
The next Billion Users ........................................................................................................................ 36
Main argument .............................................................................................................................. 37
The Leisure Divide & Other divides ........................................................................................... 37
Digital Divide – Digital Gender Divide ............................................................................................... 39
Research ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Research set up and Question ................................................................................................... 40
Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 40
Part 6: CoLab ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Overview of the CoLab ...................................................................................................................... 44
(Digital) Technological advances - Societal Impact .................................................................... 44
Conextualising “digital inclusion” in South Africa ............................................................................. 45
Corresponding Fields Model.............................................................................................................. 46
Research – Policy, strategy, implementation ..................................................................................... 47
Research towards enhancing impact............................................................................................. 47
Initiative 1: National Digital Skills Development........................................................................ 47
Initiative 2: Internet use by age cohort and gender (intergenerational cohesion (DSGs) ......... 49
Indices................................................................................................................................................ 49
Index 1: Digital Inclusion Assessment Instrument (DISA) .............................................................. 49
Index 2: AI Maturity Assessment Framework................................................................................ 50
Vulnerable groupings......................................................................................................................... 50
2
,Part 7: Cultural and Media Imperialism Theories.................................................................................. 51
Critical Political Economy................................................................................................................... 51
Global Critical Political Economy of Communication..................................................................... 52
Role of communication.................................................................................................................. 52
Dependency............................................................................................................................... 53
Institutional aspects of media imperialism ................................................................................... 53
Cultural effects of transnational media products .......................................................................... 54
Impact of media imperialism on news flows (1970s) .................................................................... 55
Global CPE Critique ........................................................................................................................ 55
CPE & Internet ............................................................................................................................... 56
Part 8: Globalization Theories ............................................................................................................... 56
Globalization: Definitions .................................................................................................................. 56
Strong Globalization Theories ........................................................................................................... 58
Globalization, Culture and Power ...................................................................................................... 58
Castells ........................................................................................................................................... 58
Network Society ........................................................................................................................ 58
Communication power .............................................................................................................. 59
Appadurai: Cultural Hybridization ................................................................................................. 60
Tomlinson: Cultural Hybridization ................................................................................................. 60
Part 9: Guest lecture – Diversity on demand ? Netflix and the globalization of difference(s) .............. 61
New technologies, new possibilities?................................................................................................ 61
New technologies, new worlds ? ....................................................................................................... 61
Media and power .......................................................................................................................... 62
Media and globalisation ................................................................................................................ 62
What about Netflix? .......................................................................................................................... 63
Diversity: the nexus between media, culture and power ............................................................. 63
Teen television ........................................................................................................................... 63
Netflix as geopolitical actor ........................................................................................................... 63
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 64
Part 10: Guest lecture - Transnational flows of audiovisual content from nwico to netflix .................. 65
Flow Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Political Economy of Communication ............................................................................................ 66
Critique on Cultural Imperialism ................................................................................................... 66
Cultural Studies.............................................................................................................................. 67
Cultural Proximity .......................................................................................................................... 67
Economic Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 68
3
, Online Flows ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Online delivery............................................................................................................................... 68
‘Peak tv’ is on-demand .................................................................................................................. 69
Continuity VS Change .................................................................................................................... 69
Continuity .................................................................................................................................. 69
Change ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Diversification ................................................................................................................................ 70
4
