lOMoAR cP SD |12827 373
Chapter 12: Communicable and Infection Disease Risks
Stanhope: Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing,
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented through immunization?
a. Chlamydia
b. Gonorrhea
c. Hepatitis B
d. Genital Herpes Simplex
ANS: C
Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by immunization; vaccines for the remaining options are not ye
yet vaccines for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or genital herpes simplex.
2. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why people do not immediately seek medic
first become ill with HIV?
a. They are afraid to get tested for fear that the results will be positive.
b. They avoid the problem (maybe it will go away).
c. They don’t recognize their symptoms as possibly being due to HIV.
d. It is too expensive to get an HIV test.
ANS: C
When HIV enters the body, it can cause a flu-like syndrome referred to as a primary infection or acute
may go unrecognized. The symptoms are similar to flu or a bad cold including sore throat, lethargy, ra
An antibody test at this stage is usually negative. So the person or a medical provider may not recogniz
it is not worthwhile to be tested during this stage of the illness. This information supports the incorrect
3. A client was clearly very relieved when an HIV test came back negative. “Thank goodness. I’ve had se
a condom, and when one of my friends said he was sick, I think I panicked.” Which of the following w
to emphasize to the client immediately?
a. Abstinence is the only way to be certain you are HIV free.
b. Sex should be restricted to one partner.
c. The test could be wrong and the client might still have an HIV infection.
d. The test would not cover any recent infection, so if the client has had recent
unprotected sex, the test should be repeated in 3 months.
ANS: D
The client needs to understand that the test cannot identify infections that may have been acquired with
before the test. Appearance of the HIV antibody can take up to 12 weeks; thus, this test could be negat
months. All persons who have an STD test should be counseled about risk reduction activities before a
information supports the incorrectness of the other options.
4. A student asks the nurse at the student health clinic how AIDS is diagnosed. Which of the following st
response by the nurse?
a. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a screening test called an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is confirmed by the Western blot test.”
b. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when antibodies to HIV are detected about 6
weeks to 3 months following possible exposure.”
c. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of
1000/ml of blood.”
d. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when CD4 T-lymphocytes drop to less than 22
cells/mm.”
ANS: D
AIDS is defined as a disabling or life-threatening illness caused by HIV; it is diagnosed in a person wi
count of less than 22 cells/ml with or without documented HIV infection. The HIV antibody test (usua
commonly used screening test for determining whether the antibody to HIV is present but does not con
results with the EIA are tested further with the Western blot test. However, false-negative results are fr
, lOMoAR cP SD |12827 373
6. A school nurse asks a class about the ways HIV can be transmitted. Which of the following comments
for additional teaching?
a. “I wouldn’t sit next to someone with HIV.”
b. “Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected spreads HIV.”
c. “Sharing needles when shooting up drugs spreads HIV.”
d. “Transfusions of blood products that are contaminated can spread HIV.”
ANS: A
HIV is not transmitted through casual contact such as touching or hugging someone who has HIV infe
insects, coughing, sneezing, office equipment, or sitting next to or eating with someone who has HIV i
transmitted through exposure to blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk and by sharing need
equipment used to prepare injectable drugs. It can also be spread by perinatal transmission from mothe
or breastfeeding and by transfusions of contaminated blood. Worldwide, the largest number of HIV in
heterosexual transmission.
7. In the United States, which group is most affected by a new HIV diagnosis?
a. Women having heterosexual relationships
b. White IV drug abusers
c. Young Black gay and bisexual men
d. Men who have sex with other men
ANS: C
Although new HIV diagnosis in general has declined, young Black gay and bisexual men are the most
increase in diagnosis. The largest number of new infections in 2018 was in men who had sex with othe
by heterosexual transmission. HIV infections in women are primarily due to heterosexual contact or IV
supports the incorrectness of the other options.
8. Which of the following best explains why some health clinics allow clients to be tested for HIV anony
client’s name, address, or contact information?
a. Client doesn’t actually ever have to be told the results of the test.
b. Client may be engaged in illegal activities (drug use).
c. Client plans on not paying for the test, and collection agencies will not be able to
harass them.
d. Client wants to be sure care providers don’t share results with their family.
ANS: B
An advantage of anonymous testing may be that it increases the number of people who are willing to b
those at risk are engaged in illegal activities. The anonymity eliminates their concern about the possibi
discrimination. If testing is anonymous, the client is given an identification code number that is attache
results and is not linked to the person’s name and address. Demographic data such as the person’s sex,
collected, but there is no record of the client’s name and associated identifying information. Thus, the
results of the test while staying anonymous. It would be a violation of HIPAA for the providers to shar
or any other medical information with family members. The follow-up related to payment is not a mai
population who is requesting anonymous testing.
9. A nurse is providing education to a client about the use of PrEP. Which of the following statements wo
of this teaching?
a. “Side effects of PrEP include extreme lethargy and joint pain.”
b. “PrEP has been shown to be effective in preventing transmission of the disease
from sharing needles.”
c. “The effectiveness of PrEP will depend on your adherence to the medication
regimen.”
d. “PrEP will prevent you from contracting HIV and hepatitis B.”
ANS: C
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a new HIV prevention method for people who do not have the in
reduce their risk of becoming infected. PrEP requires taking a pill to prevent the HIV virus from gettin
prevention method requires strict adherence to taking the medication and having regular HIV testing; i
combination with other HIV prevention methods rather than in isolation (CDC: PrEP, 2012b). It has be
for people at very high risk for HIV infection through sex; the results about its effectiveness with injec
Chapter 12: Communicable and Infection Disease Risks
Stanhope: Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing,
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented through immunization?
a. Chlamydia
b. Gonorrhea
c. Hepatitis B
d. Genital Herpes Simplex
ANS: C
Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by immunization; vaccines for the remaining options are not ye
yet vaccines for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or genital herpes simplex.
2. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why people do not immediately seek medic
first become ill with HIV?
a. They are afraid to get tested for fear that the results will be positive.
b. They avoid the problem (maybe it will go away).
c. They don’t recognize their symptoms as possibly being due to HIV.
d. It is too expensive to get an HIV test.
ANS: C
When HIV enters the body, it can cause a flu-like syndrome referred to as a primary infection or acute
may go unrecognized. The symptoms are similar to flu or a bad cold including sore throat, lethargy, ra
An antibody test at this stage is usually negative. So the person or a medical provider may not recogniz
it is not worthwhile to be tested during this stage of the illness. This information supports the incorrect
3. A client was clearly very relieved when an HIV test came back negative. “Thank goodness. I’ve had se
a condom, and when one of my friends said he was sick, I think I panicked.” Which of the following w
to emphasize to the client immediately?
a. Abstinence is the only way to be certain you are HIV free.
b. Sex should be restricted to one partner.
c. The test could be wrong and the client might still have an HIV infection.
d. The test would not cover any recent infection, so if the client has had recent
unprotected sex, the test should be repeated in 3 months.
ANS: D
The client needs to understand that the test cannot identify infections that may have been acquired with
before the test. Appearance of the HIV antibody can take up to 12 weeks; thus, this test could be negat
months. All persons who have an STD test should be counseled about risk reduction activities before a
information supports the incorrectness of the other options.
4. A student asks the nurse at the student health clinic how AIDS is diagnosed. Which of the following st
response by the nurse?
a. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a screening test called an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is confirmed by the Western blot test.”
b. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when antibodies to HIV are detected about 6
weeks to 3 months following possible exposure.”
c. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of
1000/ml of blood.”
d. “A diagnosis of AIDS is made when CD4 T-lymphocytes drop to less than 22
cells/mm.”
ANS: D
AIDS is defined as a disabling or life-threatening illness caused by HIV; it is diagnosed in a person wi
count of less than 22 cells/ml with or without documented HIV infection. The HIV antibody test (usua
commonly used screening test for determining whether the antibody to HIV is present but does not con
results with the EIA are tested further with the Western blot test. However, false-negative results are fr
, lOMoAR cP SD |12827 373
6. A school nurse asks a class about the ways HIV can be transmitted. Which of the following comments
for additional teaching?
a. “I wouldn’t sit next to someone with HIV.”
b. “Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected spreads HIV.”
c. “Sharing needles when shooting up drugs spreads HIV.”
d. “Transfusions of blood products that are contaminated can spread HIV.”
ANS: A
HIV is not transmitted through casual contact such as touching or hugging someone who has HIV infe
insects, coughing, sneezing, office equipment, or sitting next to or eating with someone who has HIV i
transmitted through exposure to blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk and by sharing need
equipment used to prepare injectable drugs. It can also be spread by perinatal transmission from mothe
or breastfeeding and by transfusions of contaminated blood. Worldwide, the largest number of HIV in
heterosexual transmission.
7. In the United States, which group is most affected by a new HIV diagnosis?
a. Women having heterosexual relationships
b. White IV drug abusers
c. Young Black gay and bisexual men
d. Men who have sex with other men
ANS: C
Although new HIV diagnosis in general has declined, young Black gay and bisexual men are the most
increase in diagnosis. The largest number of new infections in 2018 was in men who had sex with othe
by heterosexual transmission. HIV infections in women are primarily due to heterosexual contact or IV
supports the incorrectness of the other options.
8. Which of the following best explains why some health clinics allow clients to be tested for HIV anony
client’s name, address, or contact information?
a. Client doesn’t actually ever have to be told the results of the test.
b. Client may be engaged in illegal activities (drug use).
c. Client plans on not paying for the test, and collection agencies will not be able to
harass them.
d. Client wants to be sure care providers don’t share results with their family.
ANS: B
An advantage of anonymous testing may be that it increases the number of people who are willing to b
those at risk are engaged in illegal activities. The anonymity eliminates their concern about the possibi
discrimination. If testing is anonymous, the client is given an identification code number that is attache
results and is not linked to the person’s name and address. Demographic data such as the person’s sex,
collected, but there is no record of the client’s name and associated identifying information. Thus, the
results of the test while staying anonymous. It would be a violation of HIPAA for the providers to shar
or any other medical information with family members. The follow-up related to payment is not a mai
population who is requesting anonymous testing.
9. A nurse is providing education to a client about the use of PrEP. Which of the following statements wo
of this teaching?
a. “Side effects of PrEP include extreme lethargy and joint pain.”
b. “PrEP has been shown to be effective in preventing transmission of the disease
from sharing needles.”
c. “The effectiveness of PrEP will depend on your adherence to the medication
regimen.”
d. “PrEP will prevent you from contracting HIV and hepatitis B.”
ANS: C
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a new HIV prevention method for people who do not have the in
reduce their risk of becoming infected. PrEP requires taking a pill to prevent the HIV virus from gettin
prevention method requires strict adherence to taking the medication and having regular HIV testing; i
combination with other HIV prevention methods rather than in isolation (CDC: PrEP, 2012b). It has be
for people at very high risk for HIV infection through sex; the results about its effectiveness with injec
