Critical Thinking question perfectly explained 2024.

Critical Thinking - ANSWERSwide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments and truth claims logical inconsistency - ANSWERSsaying of believing inconsistent things practical inconsistency - ANSWERSsaying one thing and doing another Egocentrism - ANSWERSthe tendency to see reality as centered on oneself. Selfish, self-absorbed people who view their interest, ideas, and values as superior to everone else's. Self-Interested thinking - ANSWERStendency to accept and defend beliefs that harmonize with one's self-interest Self-serving Bias - ANSWERStendency to overrate oneself-- to see oneself better in some respect than one actually is. Sociocentrism - ANSWERSgroup-centered thinking. Hinder rational thinking by focusing excessively on the group. Group Bias - ANSWERStendency to see ones own group(nation, tribe, sect, peer group, and the like) as being inherently better than others Conformism - ANSWERStendency to follow the crowd- to conform(often unthinkingly) to authority or to group standard of conduct and belief. Assumption - ANSWERSsomething we take for granted, something we believe to be true without any proof or conclusive evidence. stereotype - ANSWERSform an opinion of someone that is based not on his or her individual qualities but rather on his or her membership in a particular group Hasty Generalization - ANSWERSdraws a conclusion about a large class of thing(in this case, people) from a small sample. Relativism - ANSWERSview that truth is a matter of opinion Subjectivism - ANSWERSview that truth is a matter of individual opinion Cultural Relativism - ANSWERSthe practice of judging a culture by its own standards Moral Subjectivism - ANSWERSwhat is morally right and good for an individual, A, is whatever A believes is morally right and good. Cultural Moral Relativism - ANSWERSview that what is morally right and good for individual A, is whatever A's society or culture believes is morally right or good. Argument - ANSWERSpresent reasons for a claim. composed of one or more premises and a conclusion. Premises - ANSWERSstatements in an argument offered as evidence or reasons why we should accept another statement. Conclusion - ANSWERSstatement in an argument that the premises are intended to prove or support Statement - ANSWERSsentence that can be viewed as either true or false Reports - ANSWERSsimply to convey information about a subject Unsupported assertions - ANSWERSstatements about what a speaker or writer happens to believe Conditional Statement - ANSWERSan if-then statement Illustrations - ANSWERSintended to provide examples of a claim, rather than prove or support a claim. explanation - ANSWERStries to show why something is the case, not to prove that it is the case. The common-Knowledge Test - ANSWERSIs the statement that the passage seeks to prove or explain a matter of common knowledge? If so the argument is probably an explanation rather than an argument, The Past-Event Test - ANSWERSIs the statement that the passage is seeking to prove or explain an event that occurred in the past? If so the passage is probably an explanation rather than an argument because it is much more common to try to explain why past events occurred rather than to prove that they occurred. The Authors Intent Test - ANSWERSIs the speaker or writers intent to prove or establish that something is the case--that is, to provide reasons or evidence for accepting a claim as true? The Principle Of Charity Test - ANSWERSWe always interpret unclear passages generously and, in particular, that we never interpret a passage as a bad argument when the evidence reasonably permits us to interpret it as not an argument at all. Deductive Arguments - ANSWERStry to prove their conclusions with rigorous, inescapable logic Inductive Arguments - ANSWERStry to show that their conclusions are plausible or likely given the premises Modus Ponens - ANSWERSIf A then B, A. Therefore, B. Chain Arguments - ANSWERSIf A then B. If B then C. Therefore, if A then C. Modus Tollens - ANSWERSIf A then B. Not B. Therefore, not A. Denying the antecedent - ANSWERSIf A then B. Not A. Therefor, not B. Affirming the consequent - ANSWERSIf A then B. B. Therefor, A. Categorical Syllogism - ANSWERSthree-line arguments in which each statement begins with the word all, some or no. Ex) All oaks are trees. all trees are plants. So, all oaks are plants. Argument by elimination - ANSWERSlogically rule out various possibilities until only a single possibility remains Argument based on Mathematics - ANSWERSconclusion is claimed to depend largely or entirely on some mathematical calculation or measurement. Argument from definition - ANSWERSconclusion is presented as being "true by definition" that is, following simply by definition from some key word or phrase used in the argument Generalization - ANSWERSstatement that attributes some characteristic to all or most members of a given class Inductive generalization - ANSWERSargument in which a generalization is claimed to be probably true based on information about some members of a particular class. Prediction - ANSWERSstatement about what may or will happen in the future. predictive argument - ANSWERSprediction is defended with reasons. argument from authority - ANSWERSasserts a claim and then supports that claim by citing some presumed authority or witness who has said that the claim is true. causal argument - ANSWERSasserts or denies that something is the cause of something else statistical argument - ANSWERSrests on statistical evidence-that is, evidence that some percentage of some group or class has some particular characteristic. analogy - ANSWERScomparison of two or more things that are claimed to be alike in some relevant respect argument from analogy - ANSWERSthe conclusion is claimed to depend on an analogy between two or more things. valid deductive argument - ANSWERSargument in which is is impossible for all the premises to be true and the conclusion false. invalid deductive argument - ANSWERSconclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises sound deductive argument - ANSWERSdeductive arguments that are both valid and have all true premises