NR 503 Week 4 Midterm Quiz.docx

What type of prevention is screening or exams? - correct answer Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention - correct answer What type of prevention is a cardiac or stroke rehabilitation program? What prevention attempts to minimize negative effects, prevents further disease or disorder related to complications, prevent relapse, and restore the highest physical or psychological functioning possible? - correct answer Tertiary Prevention What prevention emphasizes on early disease detection by screening? - correct answer Secondary Prevention Primary Prevention - correct answer What prevention refers to preventing disease before it occurs? Secondary Prevention - correct answer Which type of prevention are these examples of: -The APN screens all pregnant patients for Hepatitis B, and Group Beta Strep. -An APN school nurse examines all students for lice at the beginning of the school year. -Each year the school nurse administers a visual test to all students who do not wear glasses or contacts. -The APN supervised patients with smallpox who are quarantined. -Before immigrants are allowed to immigrate to the US, the public health nurse ensures that individuals have a chest x-ray. Tertiary Prevention - correct answer Which type of prevention are these examples of: -Mrs. A. goes directly to rehabilitation following a total hip replacement. -Mr. B. adopts a Health Heart diet to control his high cholesterol. -14 year old Lindsey Hemoglobin AC1 is within normal limits and is able to decrease her insulin. -Mrs. Brown, who has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, is able to maintain normal activity without pain if she is compliant with her treatment plan. -Many trauma patients can resume normal activities after rehabilitation. Primary Prevention - correct answer What type of prevention are these examples of: -The APN teaching students who are not pregnant about birth control and natural family planning methods. -The APN plans and participates in an immunization clinic for a school population that is lacking many of the mandated state immunizations. -Smoking is prohibited on air planes and most public facilities. -The APN supports legislation that is passed which ensures that working mothers have release time to breastfeed and/or pump. -The APN is active in his/her professional organization to lobby that pesticides are banned from commercial use for food production. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? - correct answer The target population needs to be identifiable and accessible and the disease should affect a sufficient number of people. The screening test should be sensitive enough to detect most cases and be specific enough to limit the number of false positives. Screening test should be relatively inexpensive, easy to administer, and have minimal side effects. The validity of the screening test is the ability to accurately identify those that have the disease. Where would a NP look to find a screening test? - correct answer US Preventive Services Task, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality What determines if a screening test should be used? - correct answer Determining if a screening test should be used can be evaluated by the success of a screening tool. Does the screening tool do what it was intended to do and reduce the overall mortality, decrease case fatality, increase early detection, reduce complications or increase quality of life? Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is it used? - correct answer Concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population. Through the process of looking at rates, incidence, prevalence, mortality, survival, and prognosis we have and understanding of a disease and knowledge of how populations differ. Also, what interventions would be best for who. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid evidence-based care? - correct answer Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any health problem from a research perspective. Causation is found through further research study to determine the best interventions in patient care and overall population health. They both work together to aid evidence-based care by describing patterns of disease in populations and identifying potential risk factors. What does "causation" mean? - correct answer The relationship between cause and effect Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary interventions? - correct answer Causation is the cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. Such as smoking increases risk of lung cancer. Primary intervention would be to eliminate or reduce factors related to the variable. Such as reducing factors that cause asthma-obesity, pollution, sedentary lifestyle. Secondary intervention would be early detection of asthma symptoms. Tertiary interventions would be managing the asthma and stopping the progression of the asthma. What are the 5W's of descriptive epidemiology: - correct answer What = health issue of concern Who = person Where = place When = time Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and it's relationship to "causation"? - correct answer Surveillance is the collection, analysis and dissemination of information pertaining to the occurrence of a disease. In order to know what causes diseases, we must use surveillance. How do we determine which tests are good to use? - correct answer Validity, reliability, cost effective, improve quality of life or outcomes. How does social justice and health inequities influence population health care provision? Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care? - correct answer Social justice speaks to equal health care and the quality of healthcare to all individuals. If social justice is not performed then population health care will not be adequate. If all Indvidual's are not provided with equal opportunity to. What is the Campaign for Action? - correct answer Collaborates with nurses, healthcare providers, consumers, educators, and businesses in every state to improve health and health equity by strengthening nursing. What is a case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort study design? - correct answer The case-control method is also a type of observational study that enables researchers to monitor numerous risk factors at once to identify links and exposures during outbreaks. The cohort method is a type of observational study that assists to determine the incidence rate of the disease. Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias) etc.? - correct answer Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from cuffs that are too small. What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study (or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? - correct answer Randomized controlled trial: (RCT) A study in which people are allocated at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions is the standard of comparison or control. The control may be a standard practice, a placebo ("sugar pill"), or no intervention at all. A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used to look at factors associated with diseases or outcomes. The case-control study starts with a group of cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest. Then, a control group is selected that does not have the outcome of interest. The two groups are then