Processes and manufacture
gSelecting agprocessg
Iigordergtogm aiuf actureg agsuccessfulgproductgtheregh asgtogbeg agm atchgbetweeigm ateri al,gsh apegorg
formgofgthegproduct,gfuictoi,gsc alegofgproductoig aidgcostg(selliingprice).g
gModerigm aiuf acturiingsystemsg
Iigiidustrygtod ay,g agiumbergofgsystemsg aregusedgtogeisuregth atgcoisumersgnetgthegproductsgtheyg
w ait,goigtmeg aidgthegcorrectglevelgofgqu ality.
Quick response manufacturing (QRM)
Iigtod ay’sgm arket,gcoisumergdem aidsgch ainegr apidlygwithgch ainesgiigf ashioi,gthisgme aisgth atgm aiyg
iidustriesgc aigiogloinergm aiuf acturegitemsgtognogiitogstockgorgstor anegbeforegs ale.gComp aiiesgth atg
dogm aiuf acturegruigthegriskgofgiotgbeiing ablegtogsellgtheirgproductsgifgtheregisg agsuddeigch ainegiig
m arketgdem aid.gIiste adgm aiuf acturersgtod aygofeigprefergtog‘m akegtogorder’.gForgex ample,g atg
J anu argc ars,geverygvehiclegm adegh asg agcustomergbeforeg assemblygh asgst arted.gOiegimmedi ateg
adv ait anegofgthisgisgth atgitg avoidsgexpeisivegstor anegcostsgwhilegw aitingforgthegc argtogbegsold.gTheg
m aiigdis adv ait anegofgm aiuf acturiingiigthisgw aygisgthegcustomergm aygh avegtogw aitgloinergforgtheg
product.gThegusegofgQRMgsystemsgreducesgw aitingtmes.
Electronic point of sale (EPOS)
Electroiicgpoiitgofgs alegrefersgtogthegusegofgb arcodegre adersgtogseidgs alesgd at agtogdistributorsg aidg
m aiuf acturersgtogm aiit aiigcurreitgstockglevels.gThisgei ablesgm aiuf acturesgtogproduceg‘justgiigtme’,g
r athergth aigstoriingthem.
Just in tme (JIT)
Justgiigtmegisgthegorn aiis atoigofgproductoigsogth atgthegcustomersgnetgtheirgordersgjustgiigtme.gThisg
avoidsgc arryiingstockgofgm ateri alsg aidgcompoieits,g aidgstoriingfiishedgnoods.g
Kanbans
Thegcoitrolgofgstockglevelsgisgm ai anedgusiingcomputergsystems.gM aiygp artsgorgcompoieitsgth atg areg
usedgiigthegm aiuf acturegofgc arsg aregdeliveredgiigcoit aiiers,g aidgtheigpl acedg atgthegworkgcellgiig
whichgtheyg aregieeded.gE achgcoit aiiergisgl abelledgwithg agb arcodegcoit aiiiingiiform atoigtogideitfyg
bothgthegp artg aidgthegqu aittygcoit aiiedgiigthegbox.gThisgisgkiowig asg ag‘k ab ai’g(J ap aiesegforg‘c ardg
sini al’),g asgthegoper atorgworkiingthegcellgst artsgtogusegupgthegitemsgiigthegcoit aiier,gthegk ab aigisg
pl acedgiig agchute,gwheregitgwillgnogtog agsm allgboxgforgl atergcollectoigbygthegstore’sgworkers.gWheigthe
k ab aisg aregcollected,gtheyg aregsc aiiedg aidgusiingelectroiicgd at agiiterch aineg(EDI),gthegp artsgc aigbeg
autom atc allygre-orderedgfromgthegsupplier.
Sequencing
Aigesseit algp artgofg agJITgsystemgisgthegsequeiciingofgwork.gOicegthegp artsgorgm ateri alsgh aveg arrivedg
atg agf actory,gtheygieedgtognogtogthegiidividu algworkgcellsg atgthegrinhtgtme.gThisgisgcoitrolled,g an aii,gby
thegusegofgcomputers.
Master producton schedule (MPS)
MPSgisg agcomputer-coitrolledgscheduliingsystemgth atgsetsgthegqu aittygofge achgproductgtogbegm adeg
iig agniveigperiodgofgtme.gIigthegc argiidustry,gthisgisgdoiegusiingorder-b asedgscheduliin,gbec ausegc arsg
gSelecting agprocessg
Iigordergtogm aiuf actureg agsuccessfulgproductgtheregh asgtogbeg agm atchgbetweeigm ateri al,gsh apegorg
formgofgthegproduct,gfuictoi,gsc alegofgproductoig aidgcostg(selliingprice).g
gModerigm aiuf acturiingsystemsg
Iigiidustrygtod ay,g agiumbergofgsystemsg aregusedgtogeisuregth atgcoisumersgnetgthegproductsgtheyg
w ait,goigtmeg aidgthegcorrectglevelgofgqu ality.
Quick response manufacturing (QRM)
Iigtod ay’sgm arket,gcoisumergdem aidsgch ainegr apidlygwithgch ainesgiigf ashioi,gthisgme aisgth atgm aiyg
iidustriesgc aigiogloinergm aiuf acturegitemsgtognogiitogstockgorgstor anegbeforegs ale.gComp aiiesgth atg
dogm aiuf acturegruigthegriskgofgiotgbeiing ablegtogsellgtheirgproductsgifgtheregisg agsuddeigch ainegiig
m arketgdem aid.gIiste adgm aiuf acturersgtod aygofeigprefergtog‘m akegtogorder’.gForgex ample,g atg
J anu argc ars,geverygvehiclegm adegh asg agcustomergbeforeg assemblygh asgst arted.gOiegimmedi ateg
adv ait anegofgthisgisgth atgitg avoidsgexpeisivegstor anegcostsgwhilegw aitingforgthegc argtogbegsold.gTheg
m aiigdis adv ait anegofgm aiuf acturiingiigthisgw aygisgthegcustomergm aygh avegtogw aitgloinergforgtheg
product.gThegusegofgQRMgsystemsgreducesgw aitingtmes.
Electronic point of sale (EPOS)
Electroiicgpoiitgofgs alegrefersgtogthegusegofgb arcodegre adersgtogseidgs alesgd at agtogdistributorsg aidg
m aiuf acturersgtogm aiit aiigcurreitgstockglevels.gThisgei ablesgm aiuf acturesgtogproduceg‘justgiigtme’,g
r athergth aigstoriingthem.
Just in tme (JIT)
Justgiigtmegisgthegorn aiis atoigofgproductoigsogth atgthegcustomersgnetgtheirgordersgjustgiigtme.gThisg
avoidsgc arryiingstockgofgm ateri alsg aidgcompoieits,g aidgstoriingfiishedgnoods.g
Kanbans
Thegcoitrolgofgstockglevelsgisgm ai anedgusiingcomputergsystems.gM aiygp artsgorgcompoieitsgth atg areg
usedgiigthegm aiuf acturegofgc arsg aregdeliveredgiigcoit aiiers,g aidgtheigpl acedg atgthegworkgcellgiig
whichgtheyg aregieeded.gE achgcoit aiiergisgl abelledgwithg agb arcodegcoit aiiiingiiform atoigtogideitfyg
bothgthegp artg aidgthegqu aittygcoit aiiedgiigthegbox.gThisgisgkiowig asg ag‘k ab ai’g(J ap aiesegforg‘c ardg
sini al’),g asgthegoper atorgworkiingthegcellgst artsgtogusegupgthegitemsgiigthegcoit aiier,gthegk ab aigisg
pl acedgiig agchute,gwheregitgwillgnogtog agsm allgboxgforgl atergcollectoigbygthegstore’sgworkers.gWheigthe
k ab aisg aregcollected,gtheyg aregsc aiiedg aidgusiingelectroiicgd at agiiterch aineg(EDI),gthegp artsgc aigbeg
autom atc allygre-orderedgfromgthegsupplier.
Sequencing
Aigesseit algp artgofg agJITgsystemgisgthegsequeiciingofgwork.gOicegthegp artsgorgm ateri alsgh aveg arrivedg
atg agf actory,gtheygieedgtognogtogthegiidividu algworkgcellsg atgthegrinhtgtme.gThisgisgcoitrolled,g an aii,gby
thegusegofgcomputers.
Master producton schedule (MPS)
MPSgisg agcomputer-coitrolledgscheduliingsystemgth atgsetsgthegqu aittygofge achgproductgtogbegm adeg
iig agniveigperiodgofgtme.gIigthegc argiidustry,gthisgisgdoiegusiingorder-b asedgscheduliin,gbec ausegc arsg
