CNPR All Quizzes Combined

CNPR All Quizzes Combined T/F: Pharmaceuticals are arguably the most socially important healthcare product. - ANS True Pg 1 T/F: Pharmaceutical development is a high-risk undertaking, in which many promising leads prove disappointing. - ANS True Pg 2 Pharmaceutical sales are highest in which geographical regions? - ANS The U.S., Western Europe, and Japan (Pg3) The U.S. accounts for about ____ of the world's pharmaceutical revenues. - ANS B. 50% (pg3) What has fueled recent growth in the pharmaceutical industry? - ANS population growth and increased life expectancies (pg4) According to your manual, which statement accurately describes the predicted relationship between pharmaceutical companies and genomic research facilities? - ANS partnerships between pharmaceutical companies and genomic companies will not prove immediately profitable. (pg4) T/F: Prescription drug therapy is not cost-effective for insurance companies and healthcare providers. - ANS False (pg4) T/F: The high price of healthcare is explained by the high price of medicines. - ANS False (pg5) T/F: One of the oldest and least effective pharmaceutical marketing techniques is DTC (direct-to-consumer) advertising. - ANS False (pg5) What influences the number of districts in a region? - ANS the region's population What is an example of the regionalization of healthcare delivery systems? - ANS California and Florida have different prescription reimbursement policies. T/F: The heart of a pharmaceutical sales team is the Regional Manager. - ANS False T/F: Most DMs did not start as representatives. - ANS False (pg7) How many territories are in a typical district? - ANS B. 8 to 12 (pg6) What is the most effective method for grabbing market share? - ANS A. comparative selling (pg10) T/F: Pharmaceutical reps mainly visit pharmacies. - ANS False (pg11) T/F:It usually only takes 1-2 calls to a physician before he or she commits to prescribing your product. - ANS False (pg12) T/F: The pharmacist may dispense a product other than what the physician prescribed - ANS True (pg12) Who classifies as payers? - ANS Employers What defines ethical pharmaceutical companies? - ANS researching and developing novel drugs T/F: One of the most disappointing results of the pharmaceutical industry's continued investment in R & D is the few new drugs being approved and in development. - ANS False (pg15) How long are people newly diagnosed with HIV expected to live? - ANS another 50 years (pg16) How much has the average American lifespan increased since 1890? - ANS almost 10 years (pg17) What is a treatment group? - ANS a group of patients assigned to receive a specified treatment (pg18) What is the main difference between a blinded and double-blinded study? - ANS In a double blind study, neither the study staff nor the study participants know which subjects are in the experimental group and which in the control. (pg18) What does asymptomatic mean? - ANS not exhibiting signs or symptoms (pg18) Which term denotes the study of bodily functions (as opposed to structures)? - ANS physiology (pg 19) T/F: In its broadest definition, a drug is any substance that produces a physical or psychological change in the body. - ANS True (pg20) How does the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) define a drug? - ANS any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or a substance other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body (pg20) Which statement about vitamins is CORRECT? - ANS Most of the body's required vitamins must be taken in from outside the body. (pg21) T/F: ADME testing measures the rate at which the body absorbs the drug, distributes it to the organs necessary to produce the desired effect, metabolizes it into waste material and then excretes it from the body. - ANS True (pg22) ADME testing is primarily used in what field? - ANS pharmacokinetics (pg22) Which statement about placebos is CORRECT? - ANS Placebo effects can lead to withdrawal symptoms. (pg 24) T/F: On average, only about 5 of 4,000 drugs studied in the laboratory are eventually studied in people. - ANS True (pg24) Which statement is TRUE about drugs taken sublingually? - ANS Sublingual drugs are absorbed directly and almost immediately into the bloodstream. (pg 28) What are 3 of the 7 rights of drug administration? - ANS the right patient, the right drug, and the right dose (pg30) {the right of patient, the right of drug, the right dose, the right route, the right time, the right technique, the right documentation} T/F: Pro-drugs are administered in an active form, which is metabolized into an inactive form. - ANS True The kidney of an 85-year-old person excretes drugs only _____ as efficiently as that of a 35-year-old person. - ANS around 50% (pg 35) T/F: The normal age-related decrease in kidney function can help doctors determine an appropriate dosage based solely on a person's age. - ANS True (pg35) What DIFFERENTIATES a caplet from a tablet? - ANS Caplets are shaped like capsules and have film coatings to aid in swallowing. (pg36) Where will you find the legend "Caution: Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription"? - ANS on the label of all prescription drugs (pg39) What happens in slow acetylators? - ANS Drugs that are metabolized by N-acetyl transferase tend to reach higher blood levels and remain in the body longer. About _____ of the people in the U.S. are slow acetylators. - ANS 50% Which of the following statements about drug-drug interactions is INCORRECT? - ANS Drug-drug interactions are always harmful T/F: Smoking decreases the effectiveness of some drugs. - ANS True Which of the following statements about dietary supplements is INCORRECT? - ANS Because dietary supplements are not drugs, interactions with drugs are not a concern. Which statement/s is/are INCORRECT about an ideal drug, or magic bullet as Ehrlich phrased it? - ANS all are correct: A. It does not exist. B. It would be aimed precisely at a disease site. C. It would not harm healthy tissues. Which statement accurately differentiates resistance from tolerance? - ANS Tolerance refers to a person's diminished response to a drug after repeated use, while resistance applies to microorganisms' or cancel cells' abilities to withstand drug effects. T/F: Between 3% and 7% of hospital admissions in the United States are estimated to be for treatment of adverse drug reactions. - ANS true Which statement is true about the universal scale for quantifying the severity of an adverse drug reaction? - ANS None of these statements are true because there is no such scale A. The severities of adverse drug reactions are quantified by their chronicity. B. The severities of adverse drug reactions are quantified by their threat to life. Why is noncompliance a serious public health concern? - ANS It increases the cost of medical care. Which of the following is NOT eligible for patent protection under U.S. regulations? - ANS Companies can be granted patents for all of these things T/F: Drugs' trade names are often unrelated to their intended use. - ANS False T/F: Like foods and household products, generic drugs are usually lower quality than the brand name drugs for which they are marketed as equivalents. - ANS False Legally, bioequivalence of different versions of a drug can vary by up to ________. - ANS 20% Which of the following statements about biologics is INCORRECT? - ANS They do not cause immune responses. T/F: "Large molecule" products are developed and manufactured by a chemical process. - ANS False What are drugs that attract or bind to cell receptors in order to mimic or enhance activities by endogenous chemical messengers? - ANS agonists Which term denotes how an API works in the body? - ANS mechanism of action What cements the active and inert components together to maintain cohesive portions? - ANS binders What does the medical abbreviation BID denote? - ANS twice a day What is the medical abbreviation for as needed? - ANS PRN Which components might cause patients' different reactions to brand name and generic drugs? - ANS differences in inactive ingredients T/F: All cells have a nucleus. - ANS False Which of the following does NOT affect drug response? - ANS All of these factors influence drug response. A. the patient's genetic makeup, age, body size, and use of other drugs and dietary supplements. B. the patient's other conditions or diseases. C. whether or not the patient takes the drug properly T/F: Drug reactions are predictable because they do not occur after a person has been previously exposed to the drug one or more times without any allergic reactions. - ANS False What is the typical relationship between a drug's site of administration and site of action? - ANS They are usually somewhat removed from each other. What is CMAX? - ANS the peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve Which of the following is NOT a main concept in clinical pharmacology? - ANS Pharmacoprocesses Which of the following is NOT a route of drug administration? - ANS transfugal How are intradermal drugs delivered? - ANS by injection under the skin What is an example of intravenous drug delivery? - ANS an injection of anesthetic directly into the bloodstream What are the major organs of the gastrointestinal system? - ANS the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines Who is normally responsible for selling to distributors? - ANS NAMs How often do secondary drug wholesale distributors buy their drugs directly from manufactures? - ANS sometimes T/F: By FDA law, large chain pharmacies are not allowed to buy directly from drug manufactures. - ANS False T/F: Only 3 companies account for nearly 90% of all drug wholesale sales. - ANS True What type of sale bypasses the need for intermediary distributors? - ANS manufacturer-direct sales What is a group purchasing organization (GPO)? - ANS an entity consisting of two or more hospitals or other health care entities that negotiates contracts on behalf of its members Prescriptions dispensed by mail-order pharmacies are, on average, around ____________ than those dispensed by retail pharmacies. - ANS 3 times larger What are examples of non-stock sales? - ANS -brokerage sales -dock-to-dock sales -drop shipments What is another term for rebates? - ANS sell-side arrangements T/F: The PDMA is the Prescription Drug Manufacturers Association. - ANS False A company that owns and operates three or fewer pharmacies is an ____________. - ANS independent drug store Which section of a drug's package insert information covers the usual dosage range? - ANS indications and usage T/F: Drug labels must include indications, usage information, and contraindications. - ANS True What should be included in the description section of a drug's package insert information? - ANS the drug's proprietary name and the established name Exclusivity gives exclusive _____, is granted by the FDA, and can run concurrently with a patent or not. - ANS marketing rights What differentiates exclusivity from a patent? - ANS Exclusivity is only granted upon the drug's FDA approval. What is required of an invention for it to be worthy of patent protection? - ANS It must be novel, useful, and not obvious. This is NOT required by the FDA's Criteria for Equivalency. - ANS The drugs are adequately labeled. A generic drug is ______ to the originator brand-name drug in dosage, strength, safety, and quality. - ANS bioequivalent What list is generally considered the most reliable source of information on therapeutically equivalent drug products? - ANS The Blue Book Which of the following is an Orange Book rating? - ANS B What is the term for chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same biological or physiological availability as measured by blood and urine levels? - ANS biological equivalents What term denotes a drug that is identical or bioequivalent to the originator brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route, quality, performance, characteristics, and intended use? - ANS OTC What term denotes the dispensing of an unbranded generic product for the product prescribed? - ANS chemical substitution What is the duration of a patent challenge? - ANS 180 Days How is a drug sample closet or cabinet like a grocery store shelf? - ANS The more visibility you can give your drug, the more likely that it will be prescribed. T/F: Pharmaceutical representatives do not typically store and secure their own drug samples. - ANS False T/F: Sampling is sometimes the most important factor in a pharmaceutical rep's success. - ANS True T/F: The FDA approves storage conditions for drug products. - ANS True T/F: Pharmaceutical representatives must always record the amount of drug samples left and obtain a signature for that amount. - ANS True What is prohibited by Section 503 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended by the Prescription Drug Marketing Act? - ANS the sale, purchase, or trade or offer to sell, purchase, or trade prescription drug samples T/F: The federal government does not regulate the drug sampling for a pharmaceutical representative. - ANS False What is not permitted by Section 503 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act? - ANS -hospitals donating their prescription drug coupons to qualified charitable organizationss -hospitals donating their prescription drug samples to qualified charitable organizationss -hospitals selling their prescription drug samples to qualified charitable organizations at reduced costs Which entity issues monographs that define how drugs should be stored, and what variance is allowed in their stated contents? - ANS United States Pharmacopoeial Convention T/F: Storage conditions for drug products are based on information supplied by the manufacturer. - ANS True T/F: Medications are usually unaffected by changes in temperature, light, humidity, and other environmental factors. - ANS False In which cases can degraded drugs SOMETIMES still be used? - ANS when the amount of remaining drug has not fallen lower than 85-90% of that stated on the label T/F: Drug recalls are almost always negotiated with the FDA beforehand. - ANS True Which problem would NOT be improved by electronic prescribing systems? - ANS A. patients doctor-shopping for controlled substances B. pharmacists misreading presciptions C. physicians wasting time calling pharmacies What should you do if you receive a shipment from your employer and you notice that there are twice as many samples as what is posted on the packing slip? - ANS A. Call your Sales Manager to inform him/her of the mistake and ask for instructions on proper procedure. Which area of drug R&D has seen the largest cost increases? - ANS clinical trials On average, how long does it take for a new drug to be developed (i.e., from the discovery of the initial compound to FDA approval)? - ANS 10-15 years Which of the following regulatory agencies is industry-based (i.e., run mainly by the companies themselves)? - ANS Pharmaceutical Research and Manufactures of America (PhRMA) Which of the following factors has simplified the pharmaceutical R&D process? - ANS none of these: A. an intensive regulatory process B. growing demand in the medical community for more complex data about pharmaceuticals C. the increasing number of procedures in Phase III trials T/F: The landmark FDA Modernization Act of 1997 was a major step forward in enabling safe and effective new drugs and biologics to be made available sooner to patients. - ANS True What type of system is the best way to deliver healthcare? - ANS a market-based system How would increased pharmaceutical price controls affect the U.S. healthcare system? - ANS Increased price controls would stifle innovation. Which of the following invests a greater percentage of sales in research than the biotech sector? - ANS none of these: A. the aerospace sector B. the communications sector C. the electronics sector What was the intent of the Bayh-Dole Act and the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act? - ANS to hasten the commercialization of technologies that otherwise might not be used What did the G10 Medicines Group recently report about the pharmaceutical industry in the European Union (EU)? - ANS There is poor collaboration between publicly- and privately-funded research centers. T/F: The aim of preclinical pharmacological studies is to obtain data on the safety and effectiveness of the lead compound. - ANS True T/F: Toxicity information in preclinical studies helps provide confidence about a drug's safety. - ANS True T/F: Pharmacological studies using animals are regulated under Good Laboratory Practice. - ANS true Why do drugs administered to patients only contain APIs? - ANS They don't. What does NOT affect a drug's ability to permeate membranes? - ANS the drug's vesicles Through which barriers can lipid-soluble drugs usually pass? - ANS cell membranes How are weak acid drugs generally absorbed by the stomach? - ANS more quickly than weak basic drugs What route of administration does NOT completely bypass the liver? - ANS rectal administration Why are intravenous drug dosages easier to control than drugs administered transdermally? - ANS The entire dose is available in the bloodstream to be distributed to the target site. Which of the following does NOT affect a drug's distribution to its target tissues? - ANS All of these factors affect a drug's distribution to its target tissues. Which of these medical terms means "to apply the drug on the skin surface"? - ANS transdermal T/F: Carcinogenicity studies are carried out to identify the tumor-causing potential of a drug. - ANS True According to NIH ethical guidelines, which of the following is the most important criteria in selecting subjects for clinical studies? - ANS scientific objectives Which statement about the IRB is INCORRECT? - ANS The members of the IRB/IEC must be experts in the topic of the study Which phases of clinical studies are open label and which are blinded? - ANS Phase I and IV trials are often open label, but Phase II and III are double-blinded or at least blinded. If it is not possible to measure the direct effects of a drug, what is used instead? - ANS surrogate markers such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels Which of the following is an observational study that first identifies a group of subjects with a certain disease and a control group without the disease, and then looks to back in time (e.g., via chart reviews) to find exposure to risk factors? - ANS case-control study Which measure of central tendency is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations? - ANS mean Which measurement describes the number of new events that occur during a specified period of time in a population at risk for the event (e.g., lung infections per year)? - ANS incidence Which of the following measures is used to describe the variability of the population mean? - ANS standard error of the mean Which of the following terms denotes the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to be measuring, or what we think it is measuring? - ANS validity What are the Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis? - ANS methods of survival analysis What section of a clinical paper describes subjects' entry and exclusion criteria? - ANS methods Which document sets out how a trial is to be conducted (i.e., the study's general design and operating features)? - ANS protocol When designing and performing clinical trials, several ethical constraints must be considered. Which of the following is NOT one of these ethical constraints? - ANS geographic variations What is one way in which large molecule drugs DIFFER from small molecule drugs? - ANS Large molecule drugs are mainly protein-based drugs that develop in biological systems such as living cells. Which of the following statements about vaccines is INCORRECT? - ANS Vaccines are types of small molecule drugs. What is an advantage of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines? - ANS Attenuated vaccines are less expensive to prepare. How are toxoids derived? - ANS from the toxins secreted by a pathogen What is the estimated annual death toll for malaria? - ANS 1.5 to 3.5 million people T/F: There are more white blood cells than red blood cells for the same volume in the human body. - ANS False How was insulin primarily obtained from the 1930s to the 1980s? - ANS porcine and bovine extracts Which of the following are NOT types of cytokines? - ANS monokines Which of the following is NOT a type of hormones? - ANS steroids Which of the following is a basic gene therapy technique? - ANS in vitro, in which patients' genetically faulted tissues are removed, loaded with normal genes in vectors, and returned to the patients' bodies Which statement about stem cells is CORRECT? - ANS Pluripotent stem cells can develop into many cell types, but not a new individual. T/F: Leukemia is a condition in which the stem cells in the bone marrow malfunction and produce an excessive number of immature white blood cells - ANS True Which of the following are types of vectors used in gene therapy? - ANS retroviruses What is NOT a type of stem cell? - ANS semipotent Traditional vaccines are prepared in a number of ways. What way is NOT one of them? - ANS insulin T/F: Effective drug therapy is a cost-effective and highly valuable means of controlling total healthcare expenditures and improving quality of life. - ANS True Drug utilization review (DUR) programs... - ANS have traditionally been used to ensure the appropriate, safe, and effective use of prescription drugs, but are increasingly shifting their focus to minimizing costs. T/F: DUR programs involve retrospective monitoring of physicians' prescribing patterns. - ANS true T/F: A formulary is a list of prescription drugs approved by insurance coverage. - ANS True The history of drug formularies in the U.S. extends back to... - ANS ...the American Revolution. Which of these is NOT a type of formulary? - ANS All of these are types of formularies: A. a closed three-tier formulary in which generic drugs are listed on Tier 1 B. a five-tier formulary that is supplemented by a step therapy program C. an open formulary that places few restrictions on coverage or access Which of the following is NOT a recent formulary trend? - ANS the repeal of Hatch-Waxman What did the Hatch-Waxman Act do? - ANS make it easier for generic manufacturers to compete with R&D companies What is opportunity cost? - ANS the value of a sacrificed alternative According to your manual, the three primary entities that fund pharmaceuticals are employers, the government (Medicare and Medicaid), and ______. - ANS individuals Which of these individuals would NOT be a member of a P&T committee? - ANS a company's medical liaison T/F: Almost 98% of employed Americans are now covered by a HMO, a preferred provider organization, or a point-of-service plan. - ANS FALSE T/F: Pharmaceutical companies are more interested in acquiring and exploiting another's brands than in acquiring another's R&D and sales and marketing assets. - ANS False Ideally, when should brand strategy development for a new drug begin? - ANS during Phase II clinical trials Which of the following is an example of a expressive value? - ANS I own a BMW because I want people to know that I'm a serious driving enthusiast. According to your manual, which of the following is NOT an example of a functional value? - ANS uniqueness T/F: It is rare for pharmaceutical companies to explore, develop, and promote expressive values with which patients might identify. - ANS True T/F: To be competitive, pharmaceutical brands must be distinctive. They must possess defining characteristics that are perceived by customers to be unique, attractive, and relevant to their needs. - ANS True T/F: With the global need for new drugs, pharmaceutical brand names are not subject to regulatory approval. - ANS True How has DTC advertising changed over the last few decades? - ANS DTC advertising has become an essential marketing tactic for both large and small brands. Which of the following MOST strongly influences physicians' prescribing habits? - ANS doctors' personal experiences, and their patients' unique situations T/F: Pharmaceutical companies spend more onpromotional activities than on R&D. - ANS False Which of the following would be MOST well-served by mass-market print and TV ads? - ANS a brand that treats a very common chronic condition How do companies use prescriber data? - ANS to conduct research Under PhRMA Code, which of the following is acceptable? - ANS modest meals for staff members attending educational events Under the AMA Guidelines on Gifts to Physicians from Industry, which gifts are NOT permitted? - ANS gifts that are only given to doctors with high prescribing volumes Under PhRMA Code, which of the following actions by sales reps are permitted? - ANS providing modest meals to staff members attending educational events T/F: The PhRMA Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals is only voluntary and not mandatory. - ANS True Which of the following would NOT be considered acceptable promotional items under PhRMA Code? - ANS pens and clipboards designed to be used by patients in doctors' offices Under PhRMA Code, what is one example of an acceptable patient education item? - ANS an anatomical model valued under $100 Under what circumstances does PhRMA Code permit a company to provide entertainment or recreational activities to healthcare practitioners? - ANS under none of these circumstances Under PhRMA Code, may a company sponsor a lunch at a 3-day conference if part of it includes an educational program for which attendees may choose to receive CME credit? - ANS yes, but only if if the lunch is clearly separate from the CME portion of the conference Which of the following is an arm of the Department of Health and Human Services that investigates regulatory infractions, provides compliance advice, and brings enforcement actions? - ANS Office of Inspector General It is illegal to ask receptionists for personal information about your clients such as home phone numbers, birthdays, or hobbies. A. TRUE B. FALSE - ANS False Which of the following is NOT a primary goal or function of the P&T committee? - ANS to educate sales representatives on legal and ethical guidelines for professional behavior Which of the following is a major challenge facing family medicine? - ANS managed care policies eroding patient-doctor relationships According to your manual, family physicians diagnose and treat approximately what proportion of patients they see (as opposed to referring them to specialists)? - ANS 95% Which of the following is NOT one of the steps on the Product Adoption Continuum? - ANS These are all steps on the continuum. A. adoption B. awareness C. evaluation Which of the following would be classified as a type of somatic psychiatric treatment? - ANS A. drug therapy Why is the last 10 minutes of each hour usually the best time to make office visits to psychiatrists? - ANS Psychiatrist often see patients on the hour for 45 minutes. What is/are an advantage/s of selling to residents? - ANS Residents are often more open-minded. What is drug utilization review (DUR)? - ANS an MCO's practice of monitoring prescribing patterns Used in the treatment of manic-depressive illness and schizoaffective disorder: - ANS Mood stabilizers What is the focus of the short call protocol? - ANS beginning with a specific patient type Who is the Medical Science Liaison (MSL)? - ANS someone employed by a pharmaceutical company who builds relationships with thought leaders and acts as an informational resources What type of education do MSLs typically have? - ANS graduate-level science degrees How do companies typically judge the MSL team's contributions? - ANS return on education What differentiates push through programs from pull through programs? - ANS Sales representatives are more involved in pull through programs. Which of these is NOT a type of pull through program? - ANS All of these are types of pull through programs. A. adherence/persistency B. educational support C. therapeutic intervention T/F: Because pharmaceutical sales reps work mostly out of their homes, it is not important that they work well in a team environment. - ANS Fasle What is the MOST LIKELY reason that a doctor would lack interest in one of your clinical studies? - ANS The doctor does not like the way you are presenting it. Which of the following is NOT an effective method for reaching the 65+ market? - ANS All of these are effective methods for reaching the 65+ market. A. being a Medicare Part D information resource B. knowing the physician-payer mix C. taking advantage of partnership programs T/F: When a physician visits your hospital display, you should begin conversation by asking, "Can I help you?"? - ANS False Which of the following is NOT a rule in making the most out of your Which of the following is NOT a rule in making the most out of your sales calls? - ANS your agenda, not theirs T/F: Specialty care products are more often prescribed by generalist Specialty care products are more often prescribed by generalist physicians. - ANS False T/F: Side effects that might be considered merely minor annoyances in acute treatment can be a powerful barrier to adoption in chronic therapies. - ANS True T/F: Acute medications, such as antibiotics, are used to address short-term illnesses or symptoms. - ANS True T/F: In some medical cases, a therapy may be initiated by a specialist and monitored and maintained by a primary care physician. - ANS True T/F: Blockbuster drug status typically translates into sales of just under $10 million annually. - ANS False T/F: A generic drug manufacturer's greatest challenge is often to replicate drug formulation factors that affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the original drug. - ANS True What differentiates an orphan drug from a blockbuster drug? - ANS Orphan drugs typically treat rare conditions. How long are most calls and visits to physicians' offices (excluding waiting and driving time)? - ANS A. only a few minutes Which of the following is NOT a step in managing rumors? - ANS counter attack According to the text, which of the following is considered going to the next level? - ANS staying focused What is one of the primary job responsibilities of a retail pharmacist? - ANS A. dispensing pharmaceuticals What is NOT one of the ways in pharmaceutical companies and representatives categorize their customers? - ANS Companies and agents categorize their patients in all of these ways. Which of the following are relatively new prescription drug benefits covered under the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement & Modernization Act? - ANS Medicare Part D Which term means "disease producer"? - ANS pathogen Which type of blood cell plays the most prominent role in fighting infection and disease? - ANS white blood cell Which of the following generally resides on a cell surface (or in the cytoplasm) and causes a biological change or activity when stimulated? - ANS receptor Renal pertains to: - ANS kidneys What term denotes the practice of locating genes on a chromosome? - ANS gene mapping What field is MOST concerned with drug effects due to slight genetic differences? - ANS pharmacogenomics Which entity or entities fund/s the National Institutes of Health (NIH)? - ANS United States Federal Government With respect to the material in your manual, what does IDN stand for? - ANS integrated delivery network What is SS an abbreviation for? - ANS semis What term is used to denote drugs that are non-biological (i.e., chemical) in nature? - ANS small molecule When referring to medication dosage, which medical abbreviation denotes "hour"? - ANS H Which of the following terms denotes the study of drugs' beneficial and toxic effects on living cells, tissues, and organisms? - ANS pharmacology What are specialized cells and tissues that work together to perform a specific body function for a common purpose? - ANS organs What is the mechanism of action? - ANS the method by which a medication produces its therapeutic effects What is plasma? - ANS The fluid portion of the blood What is anaphylaxis? - ANS An extreme sensitivity and reaction to a foreign substance, including medications Which of the following is NOT a way in which CNS agents are used? - ANS They are used in all these ways. A. as analgesics B. as anesthetics C. as anti-convulsants How do cholinergic agonists work? - ANS by mimicking the actions of acetylcholine Which of the following is considered a sympathomimetic drug that stimulates the alpha-adrenergic receptors? - ANS Decongestant Which of the following is NOT a type of gastrointestinal agents? - ANS prolactin inhibitors What is one of the main functions of a tocolytic agent? - ANS to suppress labor Which of these conditions is NOT treated with antiandrogens? - ANS dyspepsia which types of patients are MOST likely to receive immune globulins? - ANS patients with weakened immune systems What is iron's primary function in the body? - ANS carrying oxygen Which of the following is NOT a type of anti-infectant? - ANS antimetabolites What is one difference between entry-level and experienced résumés? - ANS A. Entry-level résumés are more likely to begin with the education section than the experience section. Which statement about targeted cover letters is true? - ANS Targeted cover letters are always tailored to specific companies.